Wine production Flashcards
From which 2 parts of a grape is flavour to be found?
Skins
Pulp
Black grape with low tannin and low acidity x1. (clue: likes warm climate and so has low acidity)
Grenache/Garnacha
Where in a grape is sugar to be found?
The pulp
Most vineyards are located between what latitudes?
30° and 50° Not too cold and not too hot. In both hemispheres.
What 2 weather hazards can destroy a vine’s grapes, or potential for grapes (buds)?
Hail
Frost
Cloud, fog and mist have what effect on ripeness levels?
Slows down ripening as less sunlight for photosynthesis.
Which word is used to represent the time when grapes change colour during ripening?
Veraison
Which grape ripens successfully in warm climates only?
Grenache
What is contained within grape skins that have an influence on wine style?
Tannins
Colour
Flavour
What might be used to provide water in dry wine regions?
Irrigation
Which 2 white grapes grows well in cool, moderate and warm climates?
Chardonnay
Chenin Blanc
What happens to acidity levels as grapes ripen?
The acidity drops (becomes riper tasting as the acidity drops and sugar levels increase).
What word describes the creation of sugars from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water using light energy?
Photosynthesis
Where in a grape is acidity to be found?
The pulp
Colour of aged red wine (before tawny)?
Garnet
Is the quality of wine defined by the method of harvesting?
No. High quality wine can be made from both hand harvested and machine harvested grapes.
For the machine harvested grapes the quality grapes can be selected at the winery.
Colour of aged white wine?
Gold to Amber
When is hand harvesting essential?
On steep slopes.
When whole bunches of grapes are required.
When selection of noble rotted grapes is required.
As some white wines mature in the bottle they can result in what tertiary flavours? x3
Dried apricot, honey, nuts (and spice) (Petrol for Riesling)
Red wines are fermented at what temperature?
20°C to 32°C (68°F-90°F)
Which red grape is most suited to cool to moderate climates?
Pinot Noir
The use of lees (leaving wine to rest on the dead yeast cells - the lees) can create what flavours? x2
Bread and biscuit
What are the stages for white wine making…
Crushing - pressing - fermentation
A white grapes that typically makes wine with high alcohol. x2
Viognier
Gewurztraminer
Rosé wines are fermented at what temperature?
12°C to 22°C (54°F-72°F)
If oxygen interacts with a red or white wine what effect does it have on flavour?
causes flavours such as caramel, dried fruit and and nuts.
What is required to create alcohol?
Yeast and sugar
White wines are fermented at what temperature?
12°C to 22°C (54°F-72°F)
What can be used instead of oak barrels for creating oak flavour character?
Oak chips
Oak staves
How can the use of lees (leaving wine to est on the dead yeast cells - the lees) affect the body of a white wine?
Adds texture/body
Which type of oak barrel will have the most effect on a wine? New or old?
New - more flavour in the oak.
What effect does a malolactic conversion have on a wine?
lowers the acidity
Creates buttery flavour
What can preserve a wine, allowing it to develop during maturation?
High acidity
High tannins
Lots of flavour
If oxygen interacts with a red wine what effect does it have on the tannins?
smooths them out/soften them
What else is created in an alcoholic fermentation? x3
CO2
Warmth
Flavours
What flavours are associated with oak fermented/aged wine?
Vanilla, toast, coconut (also charred wood and spice)
Which type of oak barrel will have the most effect on a wine? Large or small?
Small (greater surface area in contact with wine)
What are the stages for red wine making…
Crush - ferment - drain - press
Identify 2 methods for helping extract colour, flavour and tannin from the cap/black grape skins
Punching down
Pumping over
What level of acidity is associated with most sweet white wine?
High
This is partly because acidity is concentrated along with sweetness in the grapes, but also because it’s needed to balance the sweetness for a refreshing but sweet style.
Vouvray - grape? (Very Versatile Vouvray)
Chenin Blanc
Which method for producing sweet wines results in pure varietal character?
Frozen grapes. ie, no noble rot flavour, or dried-fruit flavour.
A white grape sometimes used for blending with Chardonnay?
Semillon
These white grapes can all make dry, medium, and sweet wines. x6
Chenin Blanc, Furmint Gewurztraminer, Pinot Gris/Grigio, Riesling, Semillon
Three white grapes often fermented or aged in oak?
Semillon
Chardonnay
Chenin Blanc
Identify 3 methods for concentrating sugars for the creation of sweet wine.
Extra ripening (eg, Late Harvest wine/ see Vendange Tardives in Alsace, and Spatlese of Germany).
Botrytis/noble rot.
Frozen grapes
Three wine making techniques used for creating complexity in Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Semillon?
Oh, My Lord!
Oak fermentation or maturation.
Malolactic conversion
Lees
Which white grape is typically allowed to undertake a malolactic conversion?
Chardonnay
