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C++ > Windows Tools > Flashcards

Windows Tools Flashcards

1
Q

Build app.cpp at the command-line with the debug runtime DLL, exception handling, and a PDB.

A

cl.exe /MDd /EHsc /Zi app.cpp

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2
Q

Where is the vcruntime and crt source located after installing VS?

A

%VSINSTALLDIR%\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.16.26926\crt\src

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3
Q

Where are the Windows headers files installed to?

A

“%ProgramFiles(x86)%\Windows Kits\10\Include". This will have subfolders for “ucrt” (Universal C run-time), “um” (user mode), “winrt”, and “shared” (between user and kernel mode).

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4
Q

How do you include a symbol that is not referenced/exported into a binary (e.g. DLL) from a lib file?

A

In MSVC, “__pragma(comment (linker, “/export:” #symbol)”, in GCC, “gcc -u symbol”. Note: Or “/include”?

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5
Q

How can you specify to use or not use intrinsics?

A

Use #pragma intrinsic(intrinsic-function-name-list). The pragma can be used to specify a single intrinsic or multiple intrinsics separated by commas. Or use the /Oi (Generate Intrinsic Functions) compiler option, which makes all intrinsics on a given platform available. Under /Oi, use #pragma function(intrinsic-function-name-list) to force a function call to be used instead of an intrinsic. A header file, , is available that declares prototypes for the common intrinsic functions.

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6
Q

What type of .lib files does LINK accept?

A

LINK accepts COFF standard libraries and COFF import libraries, both of which usually have the extension .lib. Standard libraries contain objects and are created by the LIB tool. Import libraries contain information about exports in other programs and are created either by LINK when it builds a program that contains exports or by the LIB tool.

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7
Q

What is the output of the compiler before linking? What do these files consist of?

A

.obj files (known as “compilation units”), which are COFF files.

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8
Q

What is the “.bss”, “.data”, and “.rdata” sections in a COFF file?

A

Uninitializerd and initialized data, and read-only data. e.g. “int i;”, “int x = 10;”, and “const int z = -1;” at global scope respectively. The “.bss” section is often merged into the “.data” section.

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9
Q

What do the “.drectve” sections contain?

A

There are typically only in .obj files and are “directives” given to the linker (e.g. “/DEFAULTLIB:LIBCMTD”, or “-export:_ExportMe” if “__declspec(dllexport) ExportMe” was encountered).

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10
Q

What is the “.reloc” section for?

A

The .reloc section in an executable is basically a series of addresses in the executable where the difference between the default and actual load address needs to be accounted for. By default, the linker creates the executable so that the .reloc section isn’t needed by the Win32 loader. However, when the Win32 loader needs to load an executable somewhere other than its preferred load address, the .reloc section allows all the direct references to code and data to be updated.

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11
Q

What is the “.CRT” section for?

A

Tables of initialization and shutdown pointers used by the C runtime library.

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12
Q

What are the “.idata” and .edata” sections for?

A

“.idata” is the import table (i.e. symbols to use from other binaries). “.edata” is the export table (i.e. symbols exported from this binary).

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13
Q

What is a “REL32” fixup?

A

This fixup record says that the linker needs to calculate the relative offset to function Foo (defined outside the current compilation unit), and write that value to the given offset. Since this fixup record is only needed by the linker prior to creating the executable, it’s only in the .obj file, and doesn’t appear in the executable.

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14
Q

What is an “indirect reference” when a linker is using a .lib file?

A

Indirect means an OBJ included contains references to symbols in yet another OBJ file in the library. This second OBJ may in turn reference symbols in a third OBJ file in the library. One of the linker’s jobs is to track down and include every OBJ that has a referenced symbol.

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15
Q

What is the “.pdata” section?

A

Table-based exception handling requires a table entry for all functions that allocate stack space or call another function. These entries are sorted, and put in the .pdata section of a PE32+ image.

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16
Q

How can you view the undecorated name?

A

Use “dumpbin /symbols file.obj”. Generate the assembly with the “/FAs” compiler switch and see the “PUBLIC ; “ lines.

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17
Q

How do you build x64 versions of binaries with the command line tools?

A

Open the x64 Native Tools command prompt.

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18
Q

How do you create a .map file, and what is it?

A

Use the switch /Fm. A MAP file lists the public symbols that were included in the executable.

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19
Q

What is RVA?

A

Relative virtual address. In an image file, the address of an item after it is loaded into memory, with the base address of the image file subtracted from it. The RVA of an item almost always differs from its position within the file on disk (file pointer)

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20
Q

What is a ‘section’ within a file?

A

The basic unit of code or data within a PE or COFF file. For example, all code in an object file can be combined within a single section or (depending on compiler behavior) each function can occupy its own section. With more sections, there is more file overhead, but the linker is able to link in code more selectively. A section is similar to a segment in Intel 8086 architecture. All the raw data in a section must be loaded contiguously

21
Q

What is a .lib file?

A

A .LIB file is really just a series of contiguous archive members,(with two exceptions). Each archive member corresponds to a COFF format .OBJ file. The first two archive members in a COFF .LIB file are special. Instead of .OBJ files, they act as a table of contents to the other archive members (for instance, the symbol name_CreateProcessA@40 to the offset of the archive member containing the code or data associated with that symbol).

22
Q

How are import library .lib files different from static libraries in .lib files?

A

The linker resolves calls to DLL functions the same way as it does for internal (static) functions. The only real difference is that when you call a DLL function, the .OBJ file in the import library provides data for the executable’s import table rather than code for the actual function.

23
Q

What is central or local deployment of the CRT?

A

Deployment of the CRT DLLs into either \Windows\System32 or into the application folder, respectively.

24
Q

What is the recommended approach for using the CRT?

A

Because central deployment (by using a redistributable package or merge modules) enables Windows Update to automatically update the Visual C++ libraries, central deployment is recommended (over local or static).

25
Q

How can you see the DLLs and their exports a binary depend on?

A

Dependency Walker is the easiest (http://www.dependencywalker.com/), or DumpBin.exe

26
Q

What is the API-MS-WIN* dll dependencies sometimes seen?

A

An API Set is a strong name for a list of Win32 APIs. The convention for assigning a strong name to an API Set is to use what appears to be a dll name. But the purpose of an API Set is to provide architectural separation between the API Set’s name and its associated host DLL implementation for improved portability. Think of an API Set’s name as just a unique character string, and not as a dll name. API Sets rely on operating system support in the library loader to effectively introduce a namespace redirection component into the library binding process.

27
Q

What are the redistributable package names?

A

vcredist_x86.exe installs the 32-bit libraries for x86 computers, vcredist_x64.exe installs the 32-bit and 64-bit libraries for x64 computers

28
Q

Which version of the toolset should be used?

A

The major version number of the redistributable package you deploy must match the version of the Visual Studio toolset used to create your application, and the minor version must be the same or higher. Visual Studio 2017 and Visual Studio 2015 have compatible toolset version numbers, which means that the Visual Studio 2017 redistributable files may be used by apps built by using the 2015 toolset

29
Q

What are the MSVCRT.dll and MSVCP140.dll files?

A

MSVCRT.DLL is the C standard library for the Visual C++ (MSVC) compiler from version 4.2 to 6.0. It provides programs compiled by these versions of MSVC with most of the standard C library functions. These include string manipulation, memory allocation, C-style input/output calls, and others. MSVCP*.DLL is the corresponding C++/STL library code.

30
Q

What is CONCRT140.dll?

A

The concurrency runtime library. (Note: This is being deprecated)

31
Q

What are vsruntime140.dll and ucrtbase.dll?

A

With Version 14.0, most of the C/C++ runtime was moved into a new DLL, UCRTBASE.DLL. However, C/C++ programs using UCRTBASE.DLL are forced to link against another new DLL, the VCRuntime, whose name continues to change with each version of MSVC (e.g. VCRUNTIME140.DLL).

32
Q

What is included in vcruntime.dll?

A

The vcruntime library contains Visual C++ CRT implementation-specific code, such as exception handling and debugging support, runtime checks and type information, implementation details and certain extended library functions. This library is specific to the version of the compiler used.

33
Q

What is \Windows\System32\msvcrt.dll?

A

The Windows CRT (as opposed to the VS CRT - msvcr.dll). It is effectively the Visual Studio 2008 RTM version. The Universal CRT is now preferred for both system and user code.

34
Q

What is \windows\system32\msvcp_win.dll

A

The Windows system version of the C++/STL runtime.

35
Q

How is the UCRT.dll shipped?

A

It is a system DLL with Win10. It is available as a redistributable for earlier OSes.

36
Q

Where is the C runtime source on a VS2017 install?

A

%INSTALLDIR%\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.\crt\src (%VCToolsInstallDir%\crt\src).

37
Q

What versions of Visual C++ ship with VS2015 and VS2017?

A

14.0 and 14.1 respectively.

38
Q

What is in msvcp.dll?

A

C++ standard library functions.

39
Q

How can you unmangle a C++ name (e.g. that output by dumpbin /exports)?

A

Use “undname”, e.g.: undname “?static_x@?1??getX@@YAAAUX@@XZ@4U2@A”

40
Q

How was the Microsoft C Runtime Library implemented before VS2015?

A

As a release specific binary, e.g. msvcr120.dll in VS2013.

41
Q

Can the univseral C run-time be used locally? Where is the redist?

A

Yes, though on Win10 the system version is always used. The redist is in the Windows SDK, under “Windows Kits\10\Redist\ucrt\DLLs”.

42
Q

What does linking vcruntime.dll into a dll do?

A

The VCRuntime code provides an internal DLL entry-point function called _DllMainCRTStartup that handles Windows OS messages to the DLL to attach to or detach from a process or thread. The _DllMainCRTStartup function performs essential tasks such as stack buffer security set up, C run-time library (CRT) initialization and termination, and calls to constructors and destructors for static and global objects. Without this initialization, the CRT and other libraries, as well as your static variables, would be left in an uninitialized state.

43
Q

What are the libraries for the URCT runtime?

A

ucrt.lib (import library for ucrtbase.dll), and libucrt.lib (for static linking). The debug versions are suffixed with “d”.

44
Q

What are the libraries that implement the vcruntime library?

A

vcruntime.lib (import library), and libvcruntime.lib (for static linking). The debug versions are suffixed with “d”.

45
Q

The code that initializes the CRT is where?

A

This is always statically linked in. It is in libcmt.lib if statically linking the CRT, and msvcrt.lib if dynamically linking. (Suffix with ‘d’ for debug. Different versions exist for mixed/managed code).

46
Q

What are the libraries files for the C++ standard libary?

A

libcpmt.lib (if statically linking), and msvcprt.lib (import library for “msvcp.dll”). Add a ‘d’ suffix for debug versions.

47
Q

How do you generate an assembly listing when compiling?

A

Pass the /FA option. Add ‘s’ to see source, and ‘c’ to see maching code (e.g. /FAs).

48
Q

How can you see the members of a .lib file?

A

By running the DUMPBIN tool with the /LINKERMEMBER option.

49
Q

How do you pass linker options to cl.exe

A

Add them after the “/link” option. e.g: cl kernel32.lib min.cpp /link /NODEFAULTLIB /ENTRY:main

C++ (3 decks)

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