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2. Meteorology > Wind > Flashcards

Wind Flashcards

1
Q

How is wind direction described?

A

The direction the wind is blowing from in degrees clockwise from North

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2
Q

How is wind strength measured?

A

Knots (kts)

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3
Q

How is wind velocity measured?

A

Using a combination of direction, strength and gusts I.e.

23020G35kts

Wind blowing 230 degrees from true north
20kts of wind
Gusts of up to 35kts

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4
Q

What does 23020G35kts mean?

A

Wind blowing from 230 degrees from true north
Wind at 20kts
Gusts of up to 35kts

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5
Q

How will ATS or ATC describe wind?

A

In degrees magnetic as that is how runways are measured

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6
Q

What is it called if wind is changing direction clockwise?

A

Veering

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7
Q

What is veering wind?

A

Wind that changes direction clockwise

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8
Q

What is wind that changes direction anti-clockwise called?

A

Backing wind

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9
Q

What is backing wind?

A

Wind that changes direction anti-clockwise

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10
Q

If there is an area of high pressure on the equator and low pressure directly north what will happen to the wind?

A

It will overshoot and blow past the low pressure point due to Coriolis force (earths rotation)

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11
Q

If there is an area of high pressure in the northern hemisphere and low pressure directly north on the equator, what direction will the wind blow?

A

Towards the low pressure but it will undershoot due to the earths rotation and coriolis force

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12
Q

If wind is faster what happens to the coriolis force?

A

It increases, so depending on the location of the pressures it will undershoot or overshoot more drastically

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13
Q

What direction will wind flow relative to the isobars?

A

Parallel to the isobars

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14
Q

Buys Ballot law tells us that if we stand with the wind on our back in the Northern Hemisphere…

A

The area of low pressure will be on our left

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15
Q

If you are experiencing right (starboard) drift this means…

A

Wind is coming from the left and you are flying into low pressure (usually has worse weather)

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16
Q

If you are experiencing port (left) drift in the Northern hemisphere then…

A

You are flying into high pressure as the wind blowing from your right (usually has better weather)

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17
Q

Wind that is pulled around low pressure in the northern hemisphere moves in what direction?

A

Anti-clockwise aka cyclone

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18
Q

Wind that is pulled around a high pressure in the northern hemisphere moves in what direction?

A

Clockwise aka anticyclone

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19
Q

What is a cyclone in the northern hemisphere?

A

Wind that is moving anti clockwise around low pressure

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20
Q

What is an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere?

A

A wind moving clockwise around an area of high pressure

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21
Q

Where is surface wind measured?

A

30ft above open and level ground

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22
Q

Surface wind is weakest at what areas of land?

A

Rough areas I.e. crowded cities and vegetation filled mountains

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23
Q

Surface wind is strongest at what locations?

A

Smooth areas like oceans and flat deserts

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24
Q

At what heigh do frictional affects not impact wind?

A

Around 2000-3000 ft above ground level

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25
Q

What are the 4 turbulence intensities?

A

Light
Moderate
Severe
Extreme

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26
Q

What is light turbulence?

A

Represented with /\

And means there is a slight change in altitude or attitude

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27
Q

What is moderate turbulence?

A

Represented with _/_
There is a change in altitude or attitude and the indicated airspeed.
Requires pilot intervention to keep flight safe

28
Q

What is severe turbulence?

A

Represented with //\

The aircraft is momentarily out of control and there are large abrupt changes in attitude and airspeed

29
Q

What is extreme turbulence?

A

Represented with _///\_
Aircraft is tossed violently out of control and it is virtually impossible to control.
Airspeed exceeds limitations and structural damage is likely

30
Q

Are surface winds stronger during the day or night?

A

Day due to mixing layers

31
Q

When is wind shear stronger?

A

Night

32
Q

What is wind shear?

A

Rapid change in wind velocity or direction

33
Q

What causes a sea breeze?

A

On a hot day the land heats up and air above it rises. Sea air rushes in to replace this air.

34
Q

What weather is caused by a sea breeze?

A

Coastal weather becomes foggy and misty with reduced visibility (often affects coastal aerodromes)

35
Q

What is a land breeze?

A

Land cools quicker at night causing air to sink. This forces air on the coast back out to sea.

36
Q

What is katabatic wind and when does it usually occur??

A

When air on an elevated location I.e. a mountain cools and runs down the side. Often happens at night due to land cooling

37
Q

What is anabatic wind and when does it occur?

A

Air heats during the day and flows up the side of the elevated location I.e. a mountain. The winds are usually weaker as they fight against gravity

38
Q

Which has stronger winds: anabatic or katabatic winds?

A

Katabatic as it is aided by gravity

39
Q

Where does wind shear often occur?

A

During take off and landing as altitude changes, near thunderstorms, temperature inversions and coastal areas where there is a sea or land breeze.

40
Q

Why should you avoid flying near mountains during strong winds?

A

Wind blows onto the mountain face causing turbulence on the Lee side of the mountain

41
Q

How far away should you stay from mountains during strong winds?

A

2000-3000 feet

42
Q

Where do lenticular clouds form?

A

Lee side of the mountain. They look like waves and inform us of high turbulence

43
Q

Why is turbulence dangerous?

A

It will over-stress the plane causing the plane to stall at higher speeds

44
Q

How can you avoid turbulence?

A

Stay 10-20nm from cumulonimbus clouds
Don’t fly on the Lee side of hills in strong winds
These turbulent winds can occur up to 100nm from the Lee side of the mountain

45
Q

What is the difference between surface winds and regular winds in stable conditions inland

A

Backs 40-50 degrees

Ground winds are 25%

46
Q

What is the difference between surface winds and regular winds in partially unstable conditions inland

A

Backs 30 degrees

Surface winds are 35%

47
Q

What is the difference between surface winds and regular winds in unstable conditions inland

A

Backs 10-20 degrees

Surface winds are 50%

48
Q

What is the difference between surface winds and regular winds in stable conditions at sea

A

Backs 15-20 degrees

Surface winds at 80%

49
Q

What is the difference between surface winds and regular winds in unstable conditions at sea

A

Backs 5-10 degrees

Surface winds at 90%

50
Q

What is a col.

A

Area of stagnant air between two highs and two lows

51
Q

What are Foehn conditions?

A

Stable air blows against a mountain causing moderate to severe turbulence

52
Q

What is a rotor?

A

When air on the Lee side of a mountain blows in a circular motion causing turbulence

53
Q

How much does friction affect airspeed?

A

Wind speed increases by 15kts per 1000 ft

54
Q

What is convergence and what does it cause?

A

Air comes together and rises causing cloud formation

55
Q

Does wind back more in land or at sea?

A

In land

56
Q

Does wind back more in stable or unstable conditions?

A

Stable backs more

57
Q

Is there a higher percentage of surface wind at land or sea?

A

Higher percentage at sea

58
Q

Is there a higher percentage of surface wind in stable or unstable conditions?

A

Unstable has a higher percentage of surface wind

59
Q

Meteorological reports on wind direction are relative to ________________

A

True north

60
Q

Reports of wind at an airfield passed to a pilot from ATCare relative to____________

A

Magnetic north at the airfield

61
Q

280/34kt on a meteorological forecast or observation means

A

Wind strength of 34 knots blowing from 280 degrees true north

62
Q

What happens to wind during the day?

A

Stronger winds
Veer and increase

63
Q

What happens to wind during the night?

A

Weaker
Back and slack

64
Q

What is windsheer?

A

Change of wind from place to place

65
Q

What does this mean?

MTW MAX VSP 500 FPM070

A

Mountain waves, max vertical speed 500 feet per minute

66
Q

What separation should you keep from mountain?

A

2000 - 3000 ft

2. Meteorology (5 decks)

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