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wildlife > Wildlife Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Wildlife Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Humans drive all ecological processes because

A

of ability to increase in population and dominate natural resources

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2
Q

Current human population

A

8.1 billion

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3
Q

Preservation

A

reservation and maintenance of resources by preventing use and destruction

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4
Q

Conservation

A

wise maintenance and use of natural resources

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5
Q

management

A

manipulation of populations or habitats to achieve desired goals by people

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6
Q

John muir

A
  • The father of preservation
  • Father of the National Park System
  • Founder of the Sierra Club
  • Worked with Teddy Roosevelt
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7
Q

Roots

A

Tribes successful at managing game outcompeted others

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8
Q

First record of game management

A

Mongol Empire by The Great Khan
- harvest restrictions to allow species to increase (protect during repro)
- food plots
- winter feeding
- cover control

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9
Q

Europe in 1300s

A
  • hunting becomes sport of kings
  • enforced via customs. threats, and laws
  • for elite, focus on protecting reproduction, everything else legal
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10
Q

Native American use of wildlife and habitat

A
  • respect all species without compromising needs of humans
  • disturbance ecology
  • holistic approach to managing wildlife and habitat
  • extensive fire, agriculture, gathering, timbering, focal plant selection, hunting
  • diverse peoples and diverse strategies
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11
Q

Spanish and other europeans

A
  • exploitation (furs, marine species)
  • introductions
  • human diseases
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12
Q

Colonial Era “myth of superabundance”
- settlers found bounty of natural resources to which they had access

A
  • no conservation in place
  • 1st closed seasons; deer seasons may through November, buck laws
  • as stocks depleted, settlers moved west
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12
Q

Era of wildlife Exploitation

A

a. Excessive market hunting and habitat destruction
i. bison
- primarily hides, meat, and tools in Indian wars
- facilitates by railroad, telegraph, and percussion rifle
ii. passenger pigeon
- meat of adults and squabs
- habitat loss
iii. beaver
- hides
- cascading effects of dewatering
iv. Extinctions- passenger pigeon, great auk, Carolina parakeet, eastern elk, wood bison
b. Wildlife Protection- laws first enforced, game wardens, and state game and fish commissions developed
i. US cavalry forced to protect wildlife in Yellowstone national park from 1886-1918
ii. beginning of modern wildlife management

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13
Q

Era of wildlife protection (1900 to 1930)

A
  • epitomized by Theodore Roosevelt
  • recognized that landscapes, waters, vegetation, and animals comprised ecosystems
  • recognized conservation through wise use
  • demanded that science be the cornerstone of conservation
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14
Q

Theodore roosevelt

A
  • grandfather of wildlife management
  • founded the Boone and Crockett Club
  • Created US Forest Service, national wildlife refuge system (pelican island)
  • student of big game, created passion for wildlife
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15
Q

Greer vs. Connecticut

A

unless expressly states the state has the authority to manage wildlife in trust for all people of the state
- us constitution- wildlife is not owned by the landowner (matted in trust for all citizens)

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16
Q

Lacey Act

A

prohibited interstate transport of illegally taken game; ended market hunting

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17
Q

Pelican Island, Fl

A

first national wildlife refuge established; protect from plume hunters

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18
Q

US Forest service

A

under leadership of Gifford Pinchot, with teddy, created many of the national forests in the US

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19
Q

Migratory bird treaty act

A

protected migratory birds in US and Canada (now includes Mexico)

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20
Q

Missouri vs holland

A

us constitution reserves the treaty making power for the federal government; states have authority to manage resident species

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21
Q

Era of wildlife restoration

A
  • game management
  • migratory bird hunting stamp
  • federal aid in wildlife restoration act (Pittman Robertson)
  • Dinged Johnson (federal aid in fish restoration act)
  • multiple use sustained yield act
  • restocking and/or habitat programs for many game species
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22
Q

Aldo Leopold

A
  • game management
  • father of wildlife ecology and US wilderness system
  • chair of game management at UW
  • Land ethic- called for ethical, caring relationship between people and nature driven by moral responsibility
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23
Q

Migratory bird hunting stamp

A

duck stamps provided money for wetland habitat conservation

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24
Q

federal aid in wildlife restoration act (Pittman Robertson)

A

11% excise tax on sporting arms and ammo
3:1 federal to state

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25
Q

Federal aid in fish restoration act (dingell Johnson)

A

same for fishing as Pittman Robertson

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26
Q

multiple use, sustained yield act

A

provided funding to support more than timber production on national forests including fish, wildlife, watershed, range, and outdoor recreation

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27
Q

era of environmental management (1965 to present)

A
  • national environmental policy act
  • clean water act
  • endangered species act
  • convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
  • fish and wildlife conservation act
  • food security act
  • great American outdoors act
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28
Q

national environmental policy act

A
  • environmental impact statements (EIS) for actions with significant impacts to human environment
  • requires federal agencies consult with each other for interdisciplinary planning
    1: purpose and need, 2: description of affected environment, 3: range of alternatives (including no action alternative), 4: analysis of alternatives
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29
Q

clean water act

A

regulates discharge of pollutants into US waters
- EPA wastewater standards
- point and non point pollutants
- integrity of wetlands
- regulate dredge fill material: exemptions for farming, cannot convert wetlands

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30
Q

endangered species act

A

conservation of threatened and endangered species of fish wildlife plants by encouraging establishment of state programs
- administered by USFWS and NOAA (national marine fisheries service)

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31
Q

Convention on International Trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora

A

provided international forum and justification for treaty powers for us endangered species program
- drafted at international union for conservation of nature (IUCN)

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32
Q

Fish and wildlife conservation act (nongame act)

A

provided mechanism (no funds) for research and management for nonage species
- funded through donations, fundraising initiatives, and grants
- specifically license plates and tax checkoffs

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33
Q

Food security act (farm bill)

A

included conservation reserve program (CRP) to conserve wildlife habitat on private lands
- designed to remove marginal and highly erodible cropland from agriculture

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34
Q

Great American Outdoors Act

A
  • primarily concerned with maintenance backlog for public lands
  • fully funds land and water conservation fund
  • national park service receives 70% funding
  • US forest service, us fish and wildlife service, bureau of land management
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35
Q

Wildlife

A

free ranging, undomesticated animals in natural environments
- generally vertebrates including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and excluding fish
- captive rearing and fences animals are not philosophically wildlife, sometimes are under law

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36
Q

Wildlife management

A

(1) wildlife populations
(2) wildlife habitat
(3) people (human dimensions)

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37
Q

Natural resource management

A

the planning and implementation of change with the intent of directing resource output toward beneficial outcomes

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38
Q

types of wildlife management

A

Active management
inactive management

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39
Q

active management

A

activities directed at changing a population

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40
Q

inactive management

A

minimizing external influences on the wildlife populations and habitat

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41
Q

non consumptive use

A

resource use that does nit affect resource abundance
- hiking, wildlife watching, m vicarious, photos

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42
Q

Consumptive use

A

any resource that results in lost resource utility
- generally requires killing of wildlife for recreation, personal, or commercial use, or for damage management

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43
Q

Animal Rights philosophy

A

Animals should be given same moral considerations as humans, including legal protections against being killed
- wrong to take sentient (conscious) animals life
- lethal and non lethal control and management is unacceptable
- doesn’t consider the inter relatedness of wildlife communities within ecosystems
- animals are not property public or private

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44
Q

Animal Welfare philosophy

A

wildlife are manages at the species or population level within the contexts of conservation and needs of human society
- considers positive and negative effects of humans
- animals may be used for various purposes within responsible management
- wildlife are a public resource under public trust doctrine
- involving humans in management and use of wildlife increases value
- science is the proper tool to discharge wildlife policy
- animal rights philosophy is incompatible with science based conservation and management of wildlife

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45
Q

North American Model of Wildlife Conservation

A

1) Public trust doctrine
2) Markets for game are eliminated
- Lacey act
3) allocation of wildlife is by law
4) Wildlife can only be killed for a legitimate purpose
- hunting
-
-
5) Wildlife is considered an international resource
6) Science is the proper tool to discharge wildlife population
7) Democracy of hunting is standard

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46
Q

Professional societies

A

The Wildlife Society
American Fisheries Society
Society of American Foresters

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47
Q

Common theme of professional societies

A
  • natural resources: undeveloped land, water, air, and life
  • management:purposeful manipulation, directed change
  • conservation- efficient use and protection of renewable resources
  • sustainable management: social progress with concern for others and future generations, protection of the environment, careful use of natural resources, steady and increasing economic growth and employment
  • professional: job requiring special trainings duration, or skill
  • societies to inspire, enable, and enhance professionals
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48
Q

Fish and wildlife agencies/organizations

A
  1. State agencies with natural resources management responsibilities
  2. Federal agencies with responsibilities for natural resources management
49
Q

State of Georgia

A

Wildlife Resources devision under department of natural resources:
wildlife conservation, game, fisheries

50
Q

Federal agencies

A

President
US dept ag US dept interior US dept defence
under ag: USFS, FSA (farm service agency)
under inter: BLM, NPS (national park service), usFWS

Independent establishments in government:
EPA

51
Q

Non governmental organizations (NGOs)

A

Boone and Crockett Club (B& C)
National Wildlife federation (NWF)
PETA
WWF (world wildlife fund)

52
Q

Habitat

A

resources and conditions present that produce occupancy, including survival and reproduction, by an organism

  1. food, cover, water, and special factors
  2. resources usually distributed heterogeneously
  3. limiting factor
  4. zone of tolerance
53
Q

Biotic factors

A

living components

54
Q

abiotic factors

A

physical components

55
Q

Limiting factor

A

one factor that exerts stronger influences on a population vs other factors

56
Q

zone of tolerance

A

abiotic factors that dictate where a species can survive

57
Q

habitat use

A

way animals use physical and biological resources

58
Q

habitat selection

A

hierarchical process of choosing habitat involving series of innate and learned behavioral decisions

59
Q

active habitat selection

A

most animals select habitats by reacting to environmental cues
- intra species and inter species competition

60
Q

habitat preference

A

habitat selection that results in the disproportional use of some resources over others

61
Q

habitat availability

A

accessibility and ability to procure components of habitat
- dynamic and difficult to measure

62
Q

habitat quality

A

ability of habitat to provide individual and population persistence
a. dynamic, ranging from low to high
b. linked to demographics
c. unused or unoccupied: terms used when discussing low animal populations not occupying available habitat

63
Q

critical habitat

A

primarily legal term for essential habitats for conservation of a species; may need special management

64
Q

plant communities

A

unique combinations of vegetation due to soils, temperature, elevation, sunlight, slope, and precipitation

65
Q

community structure

A

layers, density, and other physical makeup of vegetation as int affects wildlife
- affects animal community

66
Q

succession

A

plant communities progress from pioneer, early, mid, mature, and climax community
- sere or successional stage

67
Q

site

A

area sharing similar climate, soil, and vegetation

68
Q

stands

A

individual plant communities within site with sufficient uniformity

69
Q

edge

A

boundaries of plant communities, successional stages or stands

70
Q

edge effect

A

intermixing oof plant communities, successional stages, or stands that produces diversity

71
Q

great edge

A

greater wildlife diversity and abundance because of greater number of vegetation types and structure
- generally good for wildlife except interior species

72
Q

ecotone

A

area of overlap of 2 or more plant communities, successional or stands

73
Q

interspersion

A

mixing of communities through management

74
Q

disturbance

A

temporary change in habitat conditions
- setting back succession through habitat treatment or natural events
- managers can favor desirable plants and reduce unwanted plants to meet wildlife management objectives
- disking, prescribed burns, herbicides, mowing

75
Q

disking

A

breaking up plants, organic matter, and soil with harrow to improve ground for planting, reduce competition, stimulate new growth
i. fall disking promotes annual plants with hard seeds
ii. spring disking promotes annual grasses

76
Q

Prescribed (controlled) burns

A

preplanned fire with specific objectives
- some ecosystems depends on fire
- dormant season burn (winter/spring): most common because of ideal conditions, little mortality, favors legumes and forms
- Growing season burn (late spring/summer): more common in pine stands to reduce hardwood encroachment, favors grasses
- timber concerns
- more frequent fires = less severity

77
Q

herbicides

A

natural or synthetic chemicals to control vegetation
i. remove undesirable or invasive vegetation, create openings
ii. can be used where fire cannot
iii. selective depending on chemical used
iv. generally grouped by mode of action

78
Q

mowing

A

cutting vegetation to control height or stimulate new growth
i. should be done outside of repro season for birds and mammals
ii. repeated mowing promotes dense stands of annual grasses
iii. Mowing legumes can stimulate growth and increase protein
iv. minimize mowing along edges
v. mowing or chopping brush can promote new shoots for browse

79
Q

silviculture

A

forest practices to manage forest growth, health, composition, yield, and habitat to meet diverse needs
- even aged management, uneven aged management, timber stand improvement, forestry best management practices

80
Q

even aged management

A

most trees in stand similar in age
i. clearcut: remove all trees
ii. shelterwood cut: most trees removed, enough retained to provide shade for regenerating trees
iii. seed-tree cut: all trees removed except a few widely spaced trees selected to remain and seed new stand

81
Q

uneven aged management

A

age of trees in stand varies greatly
i. single tree selection: individuals removed from all size classes
ii. group selection cut: small groups of trees removed for regeneration of new age class

82
Q

timer stand improvement (TSI)

A

periodic cutting in immature stand of trees (pre-commercial) to “release” remaining trees for forest production, wildlife habitat, or other objectives

83
Q

Forestry Best Management Practices

A

aimed at minimizing non-point pollution
i. access roads follow contours and minimize grade
ii. water control structures on erodible roads
iii. limit number, width, length of access roads, especially near streams
iv. road construction under dry conditions
v. strategies to reduce sedimentation
vi. Streamside Management Zones (SMZs)
vii. wildlife friendly vegetation

84
Q

foodplots

A

agricultural plantings or surplus ag. plants specifically for wildlife
a. not considered baiting from management, legal, or ethical standpoints
b. provide food and cover, buffer deficits in natural habitats
c. versus supplemental feeding which is intentionally placing food for use by wildlife, but not specifically to enhance harvest opportunities
d. versus baiting which is using intentionally placed food to lure wildlife for harvest, viewing, and capture

85
Q

habitate evaluation procedure (HEP)

A

a method of USFWS documents quality and quantity of resources for specific species

86
Q

Habitat sustainability indices (HSIs)

A

part of HEP, assigns values 0 to 1 for food and cover requirements of a species
- multiples by area of habitat to obtain estimate of habitat units available to a species

87
Q

population

A

single species in a. specific area, which interact and interbreed

88
Q

population dynamics

A

totality of changes in number, sex, and age in populations

89
Q

density

A

number of individuals per unit area

90
Q

Natality (birth rate)

A

number of offspring produced by a population in a time period

91
Q

Mortality (death rate)

A

number of individuals dying as a proportion of total population over time

92
Q

recruitment

A

new individuals added to population by reporduction

93
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals to a population from adjacent areas

94
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals from a population

95
Q

Decimating factors

A

directly kill individuals

96
Q

welfare factors

A

necessary aspects for survival

97
Q

basic population model

A

N t+1 = Nt + B -D + I - E
Nt+1 = future population
Nt= current population
B= births
D= deaths
I= immigration
E= emigration

98
Q

Rate of population growth (lambda):

A

finite rate of population increase
Nt+1 / Nt
under 1 is negative population growth, 1 is stable population growth, over 1 is positive population growth

99
Q

Age pyramids

A

Rapid growth- large base
Slow growth- small base
negative growth- almost inverted

100
Q
A
101
Q

Life tables

A

simple summary of the survivorship or mortality of a population from one age class to the next

102
Q

Exponential growth

A
  • J shaped curve
    population growing at a constant rate
  • no resources limiting
103
Q

Logistic growth

A
  • S shaped
  • population approaching and remaining near carrying capacity (K)
  • resources limiting
104
Q

Maximum inartistic rate of increase (max)

A
  • maximum per capita rate of population increase
  • Inflection point = I = r max (middle of log graph)
105
Q

Straight dotted line

A

environmental resistance

106
Q

K

A

carrying capacity or biotic potential

107
Q

carrying capacity

A

ability of an ecosystem to support a population

108
Q

Social carrying capacity

A

maximum wildlife population tolerated by people

109
Q

biological carrying capacity

A

maximum number of animals in a population supported by the resources in a specific area
- dynamic and difficult to measure, changes with conditions
- K carrying capacity corresponds to upper asymptote

110
Q

I carrying capacity

A

Maximum sustained yield (MSY)
population density that yields most animals per time interval
- inflection point

111
Q

Optimum carrying capacity

A

population density that best satisfies human expectations

112
Q

density dependent factor

A

factors act in proportion to density of animals
- natality and mortality fluctuate with these
- predation, parasitism, disease, competition

113
Q

density independent factors

A

factors effect on population unrelated to population density

114
Q

All populations managed

A

whether by action or inaction

115
Q

basic changes (management)

A

increase, stabilize, decrease

116
Q

management

A

dampens oscillations

117
Q

compensatory mortality

A

concept that one type of mortality replaces another

118
Q

addictive mortality

A

one kind of mortality added to other sources of mortality

119
Q

harvestable surpls

A

equals population growth
- as population approaches carrying capacity, recruitment declines and surplus is reduced

120
Q

sustained yield

A

number of animals that can be removed from a population every year without jeopardizing future yields
- set by forage supply and number of animals that consume it
- maximum sustained yield

121
Q

sustained yield pair

A

two levels of sustained yield
- harvest of a given size can be produced from either of two densities
a. harvest below MSY requires more effort because densities are lower
b. harvest about MSY and nearer carrying capacity increases density dependent response= inversely principle (limiting factors come into play)

wildlife (1 decks)

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