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NRES100 - EXAM 3 > Wildlife Management > Flashcards

Wildlife Management Flashcards

1
Q

define wildlife management

A

the planned USE, protection, and CONTROL of wildlife by the application of ecological PRINCIPLES

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2
Q

describe the historic decline of the sierra nevada bighorn sheep

A

19th century = 1000
1995 = 100
today = 300

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3
Q

what are the reasons for the decline of sierra nevada bighorn sheep?

A
  • disease from DOMESTIC SHEEP
  • OVERGRAZING
  • habitat loss
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4
Q

what did most states have by the late 1800s?

A

late 1800s, most states had WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT OFFICE

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5
Q

describe the federal LACEY ACT

A

1900 - prohibits selling of plants and wildlife

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6
Q

what did theodore roosevelt do?

A

wildlife refuge system in 1903!!

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7
Q

describe the PITTMAN ROBERTSON ACT 1937

A
  • sales tax of 10% on sporting arms and ammunition
  • funding for research, land ACQUISITION, habitat improvement
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8
Q

1930’s was?

A

1930’s was the START OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

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9
Q

who was aldo leopold?

A

FIRST wildlife professor - uni of wisconsin

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10
Q

what is wildlife?

A

all non domesticated animals on earth

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11
Q

what do wildlife professionals manage?

A
  • vertebrates
  • game animals (waterfowl, deer, elk, PREDATORS)
  • nongame (songbirds, rodents, amphibians, reptiles)
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12
Q

describe cover

A
  • protection from weather
  • protection from predators
  • water can serve as cover
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13
Q

describe food

A
  • food preference can vary widely within a species
  • variation in individuals due to health, age, seasonal habitat food availability
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14
Q

describe water

A
  • 65-80% body weight
  • major blood constituent
  • transports nutrients, hormones, enzymes, gases
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15
Q

describe euryphagous

A

consumes VARIETY of food

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16
Q

describe stenophagous

A

consume specialized, LIMITED diet

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17
Q

describe the edge effect

A
  • animals rely on 2 or more plant communities
  • ecotone region where 2 plant communities meet
  • MORE edge often supports HIGHER DENSITY
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18
Q

what is ecotone?

A

EDGE - region where 2 plant communities meet

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19
Q

describe corridors

A
  • pathway between daytime and nighttime habitat
  • route to WATER, FOOD, RESOURCES
  • SEASONAL migration route
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20
Q

describe home range

A
  • area where an animal HABITUALLY travels
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21
Q

how is size of home range MEASURED?

A

size is measured by

MARK AND RECAPTURE

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22
Q

carnivores usually have bigger?

A

usually have bigger RANGE THAN HERBIVORES

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23
Q

describe territory

A
  • any defended area
  • usually defended against individuals of SAME SPECIES
  • ensures FOOD SUPPLY, pair bond, disease control

SIZE VARIES

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24
Q

what are 3 key features of wildlife habitat?

A
  1. cover
  2. food
  3. WATER
25
Q

when does mass emigration occur?

A

occurs when population has PEAKED

26
Q

describe latitudinal migration

A
  • breed in NORTHERN LATITUDES in SUMMER
  • overwinter in SOUTHERN latitudes
  • increasing day length triggers HORMONAL SECRETIONS TO STIMULATE migration!
27
Q

describe altitudinal migration

A
  • summer at HIGHER ELEVATIONS
  • winter at LOWER elevations
  • elk herds in rocky mountains follow the snow line
  • bighorn sheep
28
Q

what are 5 techniques used to monitor wildlife?

A
  1. population counts
  2. mark RECAPTURE
  3. trail cameras
  4. radio COLLARS
  5. GPS/satellite collars
29
Q

describe population counts

A
  • helicopter surveys
  • point count (VISUAL AND AUDITORY)
30
Q

describe mark recapture

A
  • banding (birds)
  • eat tags ( SMALL MAMMALS)
31
Q

how can wildlife biologists use movement data?

A

they can

see corridors
see who travels (in the herds)
see the paths animals take

32
Q

5 techniques for monitoring wildlife?

A
  1. heli counts
  2. point counts (birds etc)
  3. trail cameras
  4. GPS/satellite/radio COLLARS
  5. mark and recapture
33
Q

4 types of movement w animals?

A
  • altitudinal (higher)
  • latitudinal (DIFF NORTH OR SOUTH)
  • dispersal = OWN TERRITORY
  • emigration = MASS CHANGE
34
Q

what are the 6 MORTALITY factors affecting deer?

A
  1. starvation
  2. predation
  3. HUNTING
  4. disease!!
  5. accidents
  6. habitat LOSS
35
Q

what is browse?

A

shrubs etc

36
Q

describe how starvation may occur for DEER

A

food covered by SNOW, only BROWSE is available

37
Q

describe how predation occurs for DEER

A

wolves, cougars, bobcats, coyotes, dogs

  • WOLVES tend to KILL older deer in poor health
  • PREDATOR pops track prey pops
38
Q

describe how hunting occurs for DEER

A

11.5 millions americans hunt (negative impacts )

39
Q

describe accidents for DEER

A

deer vs. car
- 1.5 million DEER RELATED ACCIDENTS every year

40
Q

describe habitat loss for DEER

A
  • WATERFOWL use wetlands, ponds, lakes for breeding
  • > 50% inland & coastal wetlands are GONE
  • grassland biomes have KEY POTHOLE HABITAT (125 potholes/mi^2)
  • US farm bills ENCOURAGED pothole DRAINAGE!!
41
Q

4 MORTALITY factors affecting waterfowl?

A
  1. oil & chemical POLLUTION
  2. HUNTING & LEAD POISONING
  3. DISEASE
  4. acid rain
42
Q

describe oil & chemical pollution for WATERFOWL

A
  • 500,000 water birds die WORDWIDE from spilled oil
  • oil pollution (mats feathers, decreases INSULATION, inhibits swimming & FLYING, kidney & liver failure i.e. SWALLOWED)
43
Q

describe hunting & LEAD POISONING for WATERFOWL

A
  • 14 million DUCKS HUNTED/YEAR
  • 1.5 million duck HUNTERS
  • 3000 TONS lead shot deposited annually in lakes, rivers, MARSHES
  • by 1991 LEAD SHOT banned in US for waterfowl (reduces waterfowl death from LEAD POISONING)
  • ban reversed by DOI in 2017, now phasing back in on USFWS refuges
44
Q

describe disease for WATERFOWL

A
  • BOTulism
  • avian CHOLERA
  • asperGILLosis
  • duck virus ENTERITIS
45
Q

describe ACID RAIN for WATERFOWL

A
  • leads to shifts in HABITAT SELECTION or DIET
  • ducks which prefer SMALL BLDIES OF WAFER are more THREATENED (black ducks eat mayflies, MAYFLY pops reduced in ACIDIFIED LAKES)
46
Q

wildlife management agencies used to focus on what but now focus on what?

A

original focus on GAME SPECIES, now greater focus on BIODIVERSITY

47
Q

list the western wildlife management agencies in the us

A
  • US fish & wildlife
  • CA dept fish & wildlife
  • nevada dept wildlife
  • WAFWA
48
Q

describe cali & nevada national wildlife refuges

A

national wildlife refuges 1903

  • first refuge = PELICAN ISLAND REFUGE, florida
  • today = 548 REFUGES
  • 700 birds
  • 220 mammals
  • 250 reptiles & amphibians
  • 200 fish
49
Q

current western wildlife management challenges?

A
  • climate change
  • invasive species
  • human wildlife conflicts
  • habitat degradation
50
Q

describe challenges of climate change w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT

A
  • species being pushed up in elevation = PIKA
  • species moving north = MOJAVE GROUND SQUIRREL
  • timing of resources off
  • planning for a warmer climate
51
Q

describe challenges of INVASIVE SPECIES w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT

A
  • cheatgrass = 10 million acres of habitat at risk
  • ravens use power lines to hunt tortoises & sage grouse
  • non-native fish and amphibians outcompeting natives
52
Q

describe challenges of human wildlife conflicts w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT

A
  • bears = feed on trash & become bold
  • coyotes = harass livestock & pets
  • wildlife & roads
53
Q

describe challenges of HABITAT DEGRADATION w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT

A
  • building of infrastructure & energy facilities
  • groundwater pumping
  • increased fire frequency and intensity
  • increased human animal use
54
Q

population status of _____ is unknown (?)

A

NON GAME POPULATIONS

55
Q

key habitat goals of agencies?

A
  • creation
  • preservation
  • restoration
56
Q

key habitat ELEMENTS management agencies look @?

A
  • food, water, cover
  • corridors & edge
  • minimal fragmentation
57
Q

describe adding new habitat

A

federal funds (PITTMAN ROBERTSON ACT, DUCK STAMPS)

  • wetlands loan act
  • nature conservancy
  • TNC in Nevada
  • National Audubon society
  • nevada land trust
58
Q

describe resource demand assessment & management

A
  • manager the human dimension
  • collect data about resource users, wildlife harvest
  • develop REGULATIONS, provide law enforcement

NRES100 - EXAM 3 (4 decks)

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