Wildlife Management Flashcards
1
Q
define wildlife management
A
the planned USE, protection, and CONTROL of wildlife by the application of ecological PRINCIPLES
2
Q
describe the historic decline of the sierra nevada bighorn sheep
A
19th century = 1000
1995 = 100
today = 300
3
Q
what are the reasons for the decline of sierra nevada bighorn sheep?
A
- disease from DOMESTIC SHEEP
- OVERGRAZING
- habitat loss
4
Q
what did most states have by the late 1800s?
A
late 1800s, most states had WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT OFFICE
5
Q
describe the federal LACEY ACT
A
1900 - prohibits selling of plants and wildlife
6
Q
what did theodore roosevelt do?
A
wildlife refuge system in 1903!!
7
Q
describe the PITTMAN ROBERTSON ACT 1937
A
- sales tax of 10% on sporting arms and ammunition
- funding for research, land ACQUISITION, habitat improvement
8
Q
1930’s was?
A
1930’s was the START OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
9
Q
who was aldo leopold?
A
FIRST wildlife professor - uni of wisconsin
10
Q
what is wildlife?
A
all non domesticated animals on earth
11
Q
what do wildlife professionals manage?
A
- vertebrates
- game animals (waterfowl, deer, elk, PREDATORS)
- nongame (songbirds, rodents, amphibians, reptiles)
12
Q
describe cover
A
- protection from weather
- protection from predators
- water can serve as cover
13
Q
describe food
A
- food preference can vary widely within a species
- variation in individuals due to health, age, seasonal habitat food availability
14
Q
describe water
A
- 65-80% body weight
- major blood constituent
- transports nutrients, hormones, enzymes, gases
15
Q
describe euryphagous
A
consumes VARIETY of food
16
Q
describe stenophagous
A
consume specialized, LIMITED diet
17
Q
describe the edge effect
A
- animals rely on 2 or more plant communities
- ecotone region where 2 plant communities meet
- MORE edge often supports HIGHER DENSITY
18
Q
what is ecotone?
A
EDGE - region where 2 plant communities meet
19
Q
describe corridors
A
- pathway between daytime and nighttime habitat
- route to WATER, FOOD, RESOURCES
- SEASONAL migration route
20
Q
describe home range
A
- area where an animal HABITUALLY travels
21
Q
how is size of home range MEASURED?
A
size is measured by
MARK AND RECAPTURE
22
Q
carnivores usually have bigger?
A
usually have bigger RANGE THAN HERBIVORES
23
Q
describe territory
A
- any defended area
- usually defended against individuals of SAME SPECIES
- ensures FOOD SUPPLY, pair bond, disease control
SIZE VARIES
24
Q
what are 3 key features of wildlife habitat?
A
- cover
- food
- WATER
25
when does mass emigration occur?
occurs when population has PEAKED
26
describe latitudinal migration
- breed in NORTHERN LATITUDES in SUMMER
- overwinter in SOUTHERN latitudes
- increasing day length triggers HORMONAL SECRETIONS TO STIMULATE migration!
27
describe altitudinal migration
- summer at HIGHER ELEVATIONS
- winter at LOWER elevations
- elk herds in rocky mountains follow the snow line
- bighorn sheep
28
what are 5 techniques used to monitor wildlife?
1. population counts
2. mark RECAPTURE
3. trail cameras
4. radio COLLARS
5. GPS/satellite collars
29
describe population counts
- helicopter surveys
- point count (VISUAL AND AUDITORY)
30
describe mark recapture
- banding (birds)
- eat tags ( SMALL MAMMALS)
31
how can wildlife biologists use movement data?
they can
see corridors
see who travels (in the herds)
see the paths animals take
32
5 techniques for monitoring wildlife?
1. heli counts
2. point counts (birds etc)
3. trail cameras
4. GPS/satellite/radio COLLARS
5. mark and recapture
33
4 types of movement w animals?
- altitudinal (higher)
- latitudinal (DIFF NORTH OR SOUTH)
- dispersal = OWN TERRITORY
- emigration = MASS CHANGE
34
what are the 6 MORTALITY factors affecting deer?
1. starvation
2. predation
3. HUNTING
4. disease!!
5. accidents
6. habitat LOSS
35
what is browse?
shrubs etc
36
describe how starvation may occur for DEER
food covered by SNOW, only BROWSE is available
37
describe how predation occurs for DEER
wolves, cougars, bobcats, coyotes, dogs
- WOLVES tend to KILL older deer in poor health
- PREDATOR pops *track* prey pops
38
describe how hunting occurs for DEER
11.5 millions americans hunt (negative impacts )
39
describe accidents for DEER
deer vs. car
- 1.5 million DEER RELATED ACCIDENTS every year
40
describe habitat loss for DEER
- WATERFOWL use wetlands, ponds, lakes for breeding
- >50% inland & coastal wetlands are GONE
- grassland biomes have KEY POTHOLE HABITAT (125 potholes/mi^2)
- US farm bills ENCOURAGED pothole DRAINAGE!!
41
4 MORTALITY factors affecting waterfowl?
1. oil & chemical POLLUTION
2. HUNTING & LEAD POISONING
3. DISEASE
4. acid rain
42
describe oil & chemical pollution for WATERFOWL
- 500,000 water birds die WORDWIDE from spilled oil
- oil pollution (mats feathers, decreases INSULATION, inhibits swimming & FLYING, kidney & liver failure i.e. SWALLOWED)
43
describe hunting & LEAD POISONING for WATERFOWL
- 14 million DUCKS HUNTED/YEAR
- 1.5 million duck HUNTERS
- 3000 TONS lead shot deposited annually in lakes, rivers, MARSHES
- by 1991 LEAD SHOT banned in US for waterfowl (reduces waterfowl death from LEAD POISONING)
- ban reversed by DOI in 2017, now phasing back in on USFWS refuges
44
describe disease for WATERFOWL
- BOTulism
- avian CHOLERA
- asperGILLosis
- duck virus ENTERITIS
45
describe ACID RAIN for WATERFOWL
- leads to shifts in HABITAT SELECTION or DIET
- ducks which prefer SMALL BLDIES OF WAFER are more THREATENED (black ducks eat mayflies, MAYFLY pops reduced in ACIDIFIED LAKES)
46
wildlife management agencies used to focus on what but now focus on what?
original focus on GAME SPECIES, now greater focus on BIODIVERSITY
47
list the western wildlife management agencies in the us
- US fish & wildlife
- CA dept fish & wildlife
- nevada dept wildlife
- WAFWA
48
describe cali & nevada national wildlife refuges
national wildlife refuges 1903
- first refuge = PELICAN ISLAND REFUGE, florida
- today = 548 REFUGES
- 700 birds
- 220 mammals
- 250 reptiles & amphibians
- 200 fish
49
current western wildlife management challenges?
- climate change
- invasive species
- human wildlife conflicts
- habitat degradation
50
describe challenges of climate change w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT
- species being pushed up in elevation = PIKA
- species moving north = MOJAVE GROUND SQUIRREL
- timing of resources off
- planning for a warmer climate
51
describe challenges of INVASIVE SPECIES w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT
- cheatgrass = 10 million acres of habitat at risk
- ravens use power lines to hunt tortoises & sage grouse
- non-native fish and amphibians outcompeting natives
52
describe challenges of human wildlife conflicts w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT
- bears = feed on trash & become bold
- coyotes = harass livestock & pets
- wildlife & roads
53
describe challenges of HABITAT DEGRADATION w current western wildlife MANAGEMENT
- building of infrastructure & energy facilities
- groundwater pumping
- increased fire frequency and intensity
- increased human animal use
54
population status of _____ is unknown (?)
NON GAME POPULATIONS
55
key habitat goals of agencies?
- creation
- preservation
- restoration
56
key habitat ELEMENTS management agencies look @?
- food, water, cover
- corridors & edge
- minimal fragmentation
57
describe adding new habitat
federal funds (PITTMAN ROBERTSON ACT, DUCK STAMPS)
- wetlands loan act
- nature conservancy
- TNC in Nevada
- National Audubon society
- nevada land trust
58
describe resource demand assessment & management
- manager the human dimension
- collect data about resource users, wildlife harvest
- develop REGULATIONS, provide law enforcement
