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Wildlife final > Wildlife exam: Section 3 > Flashcards

Wildlife exam: Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Need to find the balance between

A
  • economic considerations
  • ethical considerations
  • sustainability considerations
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2
Q

2 ways to classify values

A
  • instrumental/ utilitarian
  • intrinsic/ inherent
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3
Q

Instrumental values

A
  • goods
  • services
  • information
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4
Q

intrinsic values

A

can value them without them having a benefit to us

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5
Q

Ethics

A

a limitation of freedom of action. helps to define what is right and wrong and why

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6
Q

Aldo Leapolds land ethic

A

The relationship between people and the land are interwind. A community include the environment.

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7
Q

3 Philosophical approaches to environmental ethics

A
  • Anthropocentrism
  • Biocentrism
  • Ecocentrism
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8
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

All environmental responsibilities are derived from human-centered ethics and done in the interest of human benefit. Instrumental.

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9
Q

Biocentrism

A

Ethics centered around environmental life. Intrinsic

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10
Q

Ecocentrism

A

environment deserves direct consideration not consideration derived from human or animal interest. Intrinsic.

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11
Q

Where do we get our ethics

A
  • Family and friends
  • Culture
  • Religion
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12
Q

Laws regulating take

A
  • 1900: lacey act
  • 1929: Migratory Bird Conservation Act
  • 1937: treaty on gray and right whale harvest
  • 1940: bald eagle protection act
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13
Q

what are the 4 primary actions of the endangered species act

A
  • conservation of species
  • cooperation of agencies
    -prevent habitat destruction
  • prevent taking of species
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14
Q

Section 2 of endangered species act

A

philosophy
- provides a means of conservation, detail a program, and hold federal agencies accountable

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15
Q

Section 3 of endangered species act

A

definitions

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16
Q

endangered species definition

A

is one which is in danger of extinction throughout all or significant portions of its range

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17
Q

Threatened species definition

A

a one which is likely to become and endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a portion of its range

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18
Q

Conserve definition in relationshion to the endangered species act

A

The use of all necessary means to bring any E or T species to the point at which the measures under the act are no longer necessary

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19
Q

Section 4 of endangered species act

A

Determination of endangered species
- species may be listed as endangered if threated by: habitat destruction, disease, or predation
- recovery plan
- reintroduction

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20
Q

Section 8 of endangered species act

A

International species
- encourages the conservation of endangered species worldwide

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21
Q

Section 9 of endangered species act

A

Prohibited acts
- illegal to take T and E species
- also illegal to harrass, harm, purse, and damage habitats

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22
Q

Richard nixon

A

“Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with which our country has been blessed

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23
Q

Criteria god squad has to evaluate

A

-there must be no reasonable alternative to the agency’s action
- the benefits of the action must outweigh the benefits of an alternative action.
- the action is of regional or national importance

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24
Q

CITES (conservation on the international trade of endangered species)

A
  • Focused on illegal trade of wildlife products
  • similar to lacey act
  • Has 3 appendices
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25
Q

Appendix 1

A

Includes species threatened with extinction and provides the greatest level of protection including restrictions on commercial trade

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26
Q

Appendix 2

A

Includes species that may not be threatened with extinction as of right now but could be in the future without trade controls

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27
Q

Appendix 3

A

includes species for which a range country has asked to help in controlling international trade

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28
Q

Habitat loss

A

Biggest threat to terrestrial species

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29
Q

Protected area effectiveness

A
  • Most effective for habitat loss and overexploitation
  • less effective for introduced species
30
Q

Category 1a of protected areas

A

Strict nature reserves (research)

31
Q

Category 1b of protected areas

A

wilderness areas

32
Q

Category 1 of protected areas

A
  • only primitive recreation
  • primary focus is on biodiversity-ecosystem
33
Q

Category 2 of protected areas

A

National parks

34
Q

Category 3 of protected areas

A

National monuments
- preserve natural features and provide recreation
- smaller then national parks

35
Q

category 4 of protected areas

A

habitat management area
- active management/intervention

36
Q

category 5 of protected areas

A

Protected landscape/ seascape

37
Q

Category 6 of protected areas

A

Managed resource protected area
- sustainable use

38
Q

paper parks

A

by legislation an area is assigned protected but in reality they receive little to no protection

39
Q

GAP analysis program

A
  • Keeping common species common
  • strategic placement
40
Q

funding for NGOs

A
  • private donors
  • membership dues
  • sales of goods and services
  • grants
41
Q

audubons mission

A
  • conserve and restore natural ecosystems focusing on birds, other wildlife, and their habitats
  • do this for the benefit of humanity and the earths biological diversity
42
Q
A
42
Q

WCS

A

Wildlife conservation society
- Change attitudes towards nature and help people imagine wildlife and humans living in harmoney

43
Q

The nature conservancy

A

Total conserve action program expenses and purchases of conservation land and easements

44
Q

Incentive progams

A

When protected areas and regulations are not enough

45
Q

Types of incentives

A

Social/economic and positive/negative

46
Q

self sustaining funding examples

A
  • ecotourism
  • communal insurance programs
  • marketing of local goods
47
Q

community based conservation

A
  • seeks to actively engage the community
  • community members have some control over the program
  • improvement of lives of local people while conserving areas/wildlife
48
Q

Campfire

A

communal areas management program for indigenous resources program

49
Q

ecological restoration

A

Process of internationally altering a site to establish a defined, indigenous, historic ecosystems

50
Q

rehabilitation

A

Improve the habitat from a degraded state

51
Q

Replacement

A

Specifies a community type to be created on a site, but this community was most likely not present previous to human disturbance

52
Q

enhancement or augmentation

A

aims only to add or increase one or a few ecosystem functions not to return all ecosystem functions to a specified level

53
Q

reclamation

A

Often undertaken on lands that were mined. prioritizes the stabilization of the terrain, removal of pollution, re-vegetation, aesthetic improvement, and assurance of public safety

54
Q

recreation

A

returns a habitat to a particular historic condition, but not necessarily a native condition

55
Q

Cost vs benefits

A

restoration can cost $130,000 but can bring in lots of economic return

56
Q

Step 1 of ecological restoration

A

Site assessment
- determining what is at your location
- need to know what was there to figure out what could be there

57
Q

Step 2 of ecological restoration

A

Setting goals
- inherently subjective but also science based
- restore wetlands to provide the best possible duck habitat

58
Q

Step 3 of ecological restoration

A

Design
- need to find a multidisciplinary team

59
Q

Step 4 of ecological restoration

A

implementation
- long-term devotion

60
Q

Step 5 of ecological restoration

A

monitoring
- keeping track of how your restoration is working

61
Q

Primary goal of reintroduction

A

Establish viable, free-ranging populations

62
Q

basics of reintroduction

A

Reintroduction specialist groups to combat the ongoing and massive loss of biodiversity

63
Q

Step 1 of reintroduction

A

Feasible study
- life history
- has vacated niche been filled

64
Q

Step 2 of reintroduction

A

Select and evaluate sites
- within historic range
- with suitable habitat in protected status
- threats removed

65
Q

Step 3 of reintroduction

A

Evaluate stock
- health, genetics, fitness
- genetic variability

66
Q

Step 4 of reintroduction

A

Determine social, political, and economic conditions at site
- long term support?
- How to minimize conflict

67
Q

Step 5 of reintroduction

A

plan/implement reintroduction
- release considerations (number of animals, number per year, timing)
- animal preparation

68
Q

Step 6 of reintroduction

A

Post release monitoring

69
Q

What is the lacey act

A

combats trafficking of illegally tacking wildlife, fish, or plants

Wildlife final (3 decks)

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