Wildlife exam: Section 3 Flashcards
Need to find the balance between
- economic considerations
- ethical considerations
- sustainability considerations
2 ways to classify values
- instrumental/ utilitarian
- intrinsic/ inherent
Instrumental values
- goods
- services
- information
intrinsic values
can value them without them having a benefit to us
Ethics
a limitation of freedom of action. helps to define what is right and wrong and why
Aldo Leapolds land ethic
The relationship between people and the land are interwind. A community include the environment.
3 Philosophical approaches to environmental ethics
- Anthropocentrism
- Biocentrism
- Ecocentrism
Anthropocentrism
All environmental responsibilities are derived from human-centered ethics and done in the interest of human benefit. Instrumental.
Biocentrism
Ethics centered around environmental life. Intrinsic
Ecocentrism
environment deserves direct consideration not consideration derived from human or animal interest. Intrinsic.
Where do we get our ethics
- Family and friends
- Culture
- Religion
Laws regulating take
- 1900: lacey act
- 1929: Migratory Bird Conservation Act
- 1937: treaty on gray and right whale harvest
- 1940: bald eagle protection act
what are the 4 primary actions of the endangered species act
- conservation of species
- cooperation of agencies
-prevent habitat destruction - prevent taking of species
Section 2 of endangered species act
philosophy
- provides a means of conservation, detail a program, and hold federal agencies accountable
Section 3 of endangered species act
definitions
endangered species definition
is one which is in danger of extinction throughout all or significant portions of its range
Threatened species definition
a one which is likely to become and endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a portion of its range
Conserve definition in relationshion to the endangered species act
The use of all necessary means to bring any E or T species to the point at which the measures under the act are no longer necessary
Section 4 of endangered species act
Determination of endangered species
- species may be listed as endangered if threated by: habitat destruction, disease, or predation
- recovery plan
- reintroduction
Section 8 of endangered species act
International species
- encourages the conservation of endangered species worldwide
Section 9 of endangered species act
Prohibited acts
- illegal to take T and E species
- also illegal to harrass, harm, purse, and damage habitats
Richard nixon
“Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with which our country has been blessed
Criteria god squad has to evaluate
-there must be no reasonable alternative to the agency’s action
- the benefits of the action must outweigh the benefits of an alternative action.
- the action is of regional or national importance
CITES (conservation on the international trade of endangered species)
- Focused on illegal trade of wildlife products
- similar to lacey act
- Has 3 appendices
Appendix 1
Includes species threatened with extinction and provides the greatest level of protection including restrictions on commercial trade
Appendix 2
Includes species that may not be threatened with extinction as of right now but could be in the future without trade controls
Appendix 3
includes species for which a range country has asked to help in controlling international trade
Habitat loss
Biggest threat to terrestrial species
Protected area effectiveness
- Most effective for habitat loss and overexploitation
- less effective for introduced species
Category 1a of protected areas
Strict nature reserves (research)
Category 1b of protected areas
wilderness areas
Category 1 of protected areas
- only primitive recreation
- primary focus is on biodiversity-ecosystem
Category 2 of protected areas
National parks
Category 3 of protected areas
National monuments
- preserve natural features and provide recreation
- smaller then national parks
category 4 of protected areas
habitat management area
- active management/intervention
category 5 of protected areas
Protected landscape/ seascape
Category 6 of protected areas
Managed resource protected area
- sustainable use
paper parks
by legislation an area is assigned protected but in reality they receive little to no protection
GAP analysis program
- Keeping common species common
- strategic placement
funding for NGOs
- private donors
- membership dues
- sales of goods and services
- grants
audubons mission
- conserve and restore natural ecosystems focusing on birds, other wildlife, and their habitats
- do this for the benefit of humanity and the earths biological diversity
WCS
Wildlife conservation society
- Change attitudes towards nature and help people imagine wildlife and humans living in harmoney
The nature conservancy
Total conserve action program expenses and purchases of conservation land and easements
Incentive progams
When protected areas and regulations are not enough
Types of incentives
Social/economic and positive/negative
self sustaining funding examples
- ecotourism
- communal insurance programs
- marketing of local goods
community based conservation
- seeks to actively engage the community
- community members have some control over the program
- improvement of lives of local people while conserving areas/wildlife
Campfire
communal areas management program for indigenous resources program
ecological restoration
Process of internationally altering a site to establish a defined, indigenous, historic ecosystems
rehabilitation
Improve the habitat from a degraded state
Replacement
Specifies a community type to be created on a site, but this community was most likely not present previous to human disturbance
enhancement or augmentation
aims only to add or increase one or a few ecosystem functions not to return all ecosystem functions to a specified level
reclamation
Often undertaken on lands that were mined. prioritizes the stabilization of the terrain, removal of pollution, re-vegetation, aesthetic improvement, and assurance of public safety
recreation
returns a habitat to a particular historic condition, but not necessarily a native condition
Cost vs benefits
restoration can cost $130,000 but can bring in lots of economic return
Step 1 of ecological restoration
Site assessment
- determining what is at your location
- need to know what was there to figure out what could be there
Step 2 of ecological restoration
Setting goals
- inherently subjective but also science based
- restore wetlands to provide the best possible duck habitat
Step 3 of ecological restoration
Design
- need to find a multidisciplinary team
Step 4 of ecological restoration
implementation
- long-term devotion
Step 5 of ecological restoration
monitoring
- keeping track of how your restoration is working
Primary goal of reintroduction
Establish viable, free-ranging populations
basics of reintroduction
Reintroduction specialist groups to combat the ongoing and massive loss of biodiversity
Step 1 of reintroduction
Feasible study
- life history
- has vacated niche been filled
Step 2 of reintroduction
Select and evaluate sites
- within historic range
- with suitable habitat in protected status
- threats removed
Step 3 of reintroduction
Evaluate stock
- health, genetics, fitness
- genetic variability
Step 4 of reintroduction
Determine social, political, and economic conditions at site
- long term support?
- How to minimize conflict
Step 5 of reintroduction
plan/implement reintroduction
- release considerations (number of animals, number per year, timing)
- animal preparation
Step 6 of reintroduction
Post release monitoring
What is the lacey act
combats trafficking of illegally tacking wildlife, fish, or plants
