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impact of war and defeat on germany 1939-1949 - a level democracy and dictatorship in germany 1919-1963 unit 2 > Why was Germany divided by 1949? > Flashcards

Why was Germany divided by 1949? Flashcards

1
Q

Who attended Potsdam, July-Aug 1945 (third big summit)?

A
  • Russia/USSR - Stalin
  • America - Tuuman
  • Britain - Attlee
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2
Q

What were the Consequences of Potsdam 1945 (third big summit)?

A
  • USSR = allowed to take reparations from Soviet Zone and also 10% of the industrial equipment.
  • More disagreements between powers of conflicting ideology.
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3
Q

At the beginning of the Potsdam 1945 Conference (third big summit), what did Truman learn and why was this significant?

A

America had tested the first atomic bomb ~ huge advantage to Americans.

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4
Q

What was the purpose of the meeting at Potsdam 1945 (third big summit)?

A
  • Nazi Party = banned and leaders tried as war criminals.
  • The Oder-Neisse line (two rivers) was to form part of the future border between Poland and Germany
  • Stalin = wanted to take more reparations.
    Britain and USA = denied Stalin to have a naval base in the Mediterranean.
  • Set up the four ‘zones of occupation’ in Germany. The Nazi Party, government & laws were to be destroyed.
  • Truman was inclined to get tough with the Russians.
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5
Q

Who attented Yalta, Feb 1945 (second big summit)?

A
  • Britain - Churchill
  • Russia/USSR - Stalin
  • USA - Roosevelt
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6
Q

What was the Purpose of meeting at Yalta, Feb 1945 (second big summit)?

A

Germany would be divided into four zones ~ run by the USA, France, Britain and the USSR.

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7
Q

What were the outcomes of meeting at Yalta, Feb 1945 (second big summit)?

A
  • Germany’s capital city, Berlin = divided into four zones.
  • Countries of Eastern Europe = allowed to hold free elections to decide how they were governed.
  • The USSR would join the war against Japan in return for territory in Manchuria and Sakhalin Island.
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8
Q

Who attended Teheran, 1943 (first big summit)?

A
  • Churchill
  • Roosevelt
  • Stalin
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9
Q

What was the purpose of the meeting at Teheran, 1943 (first big summit)?

A

Military strategy for end of war campaign, borders/Germany economy post WW2.

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10
Q

What were the outcomes of the meeting at Teheran, 1943 (first big summit)?

A

Disagreements over borders, no concrete plan created.

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11
Q

When did WW2 end?

A

2 September 1945.

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12
Q

How would ordinary Germans feel about the end of war?

A
  • Propaganda meant that they expected to win.
  • Annoyed at Hitler ~ lies being spread regarding the war. Hitler was most likely aware of this, explaining why he hid away for the last years of the war.
  • Relief ~ impact of bombing, weakening of Nazi powers, rationing.
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13
Q

Who was in charge of the economy after 1942?

A

Speer.

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14
Q

When was Auschwitz liberated and why was this significant?

A

27 January 1945. ~ largest concentration camp, closest concentration camp to Russia ~ turning point for Russian invasion from allies.

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15
Q

What issues would face Germany at the end of the war?

A
  • British aircraft launched an attack on Dresden 13th February 1945 ~ Britain and their US allies would drop nearly 4,000 tons of explosives ~ 78,000 dwellings = completely destroyed. People were made homeless and lost everything, including their lives.
  • Rationing.
  • Displacement of people.
  • PTSD/casualties.
  • Undo the war economy.
  • Pariah.
  • Government = non-existent.
  • Education rebuilt.
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16
Q

What does Pariah mean?

A

Outcast.

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17
Q

Who are the USSR?

A

Russia.

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18
Q

What are the Three ‘summits’?

A

A meeting between heads of government.

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19
Q

What took place between the ‘Grande Alliance’?

Why was it formed?

Who were they?

A
  • Three ‘summits’
  • ‘Grande Alliance’ = formed out of military necessity.
  • USSR, USA & Britain.
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20
Q

What were held to make decisions about post war plans?

A

Three ‘summits’ - Yalta, Potsdam & Teheran.

21
Q

What is the difference between the Real Yalta Protocol of Feb 1945 and the Potsdam Agreement of July-Aug 1945?

A
  • Real Yalta Protocol = plan/aims.
  • Potsdam Agreement = what happened.
22
Q

When was the Real Yalta Protocol?

A

Feb 1945

23
Q

When was the Potsdam Agreement?

A

July-Aug 1945

24
Q

When was the Teheran?

A

1943

25
Q

The aims of the Real Yalta Protocol were to discuss how to what?

A
  • Divide Germany into four ‘zones’.
  • Bring Nazi war-criminals to trial.
  • Set up a Polish Provisional Government of National Unity.
  • Help the freed peoples of Europe set up democratic and self-governing countries by helping them to (a) maintain law and order; (b) carry out emergency relief measures; (c) set up governments; and (d) hold elections.
  • Set up a commission to look into reparations.
26
Q

What had changed in between Yalta and Potsdam that meant that Communication at the conference was ill tempered and there was little agreement?

A
  • Attlee = replaced by Churchill (Britain).
  • Roosevelt = replaced with Truman (USA).
  • America had tested the first atomic bomb ~ huge advantage.
  • Conflicting ideology.
27
Q

What was decided at the Potsdam Agreement of July-Aug 1945?

A
  • Four ‘zones of occupation’ ~ Nazi Party, government & laws = destroyed.
  • Nazi war-criminals = put on trial.
  • Recognition of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity with elections to be held.
  • Russia = allowed to take reparations from the Soviet Zone, 10% of the industrial equipment of the western zones as reparations.
  • America and Britain = could take reparations from their zones if they wished.
28
Q

Why were America more confident after Potsdam?

A

First atomic weapon = successfully tested ~ huge military advantage.

29
Q

What were the main differences between the Yalta and Potsdam conferences?

A

Change in personnel ~ Truman replaced Roosevelt, Churchill replaced Attlee.

30
Q

What had the Russians achieved between Yalta and Potsdam (Feb 1945-July/Aug 1945)?

A

Took land.

31
Q

What had the Russians achieved between Yalta and Potsdam in March 1945?

A

Stalin invited the non-Communist Polish leaders to meet him ~ arrested them.

32
Q

What had the Russians achieved between Yalta and Potsdam in May 1945?

A

British Joint Planning Group had drawn up plans for ‘Operation Unthinkable’ - a ‘total war … to impose our will upon Russia’.

33
Q

What issues were ordinary Germans facing in 1945?

A
  • Nazi education system.
  • Rationing of food.
  • Bombing.
  • Displacement of people.
  • Living standards.
34
Q

How was the Potsdam Conference different from the Treaty of Versailles?

Why was it different?

A
  • Less talk about reparations.
  • More about what to do with Germany geographically.
  • Less about punishment.
  • Germany needs to be rebuilt and looked after.
35
Q

When was the Cold War?

A

1945-1989/91

36
Q

What was used by Germans to describe what they felt was the collapse of their country in 1945?

A

‘Stunde Null’ or zero hour.

37
Q

What Immediate problems affecting Germany in 1945 were to do with Population dislocation?

A
  • German refugees from East.
  • German soldiers.
  • Lost families.
  • Displaced persons.
38
Q

What Immediate problems affecting Germany in 1945 were to do with Urban destruction?

A
  • Food.
  • Fuel.
  • Accommodation.
39
Q

What Immediate problems affecting Germany in 1945 were to do with Economic dislocation?

A
  • Infrastructure.
  • Debts/inflation.
  • Social pressures ~ particularly women.
40
Q

What Germany looked like at the beginning of 1945?

A
41
Q

What was the Allied Control Council (ACC) responsible for?

A

Looking after and deciding what to do about Germany.

42
Q

Why was the Allied Control Council (ACC) set up?

A

To administer the zones ~ 4 countries/representatives to monitor their zone (America, England, USSR and France).

43
Q

What was a weakness of the Allied Control Council (ACC) to do with decisions?

A

Decisions = supposed to be unanimous ~ when this could not be achieved each military governor could implement their own decisions.

44
Q

What impact would the way the Allied Control Council (ACC) worked have on the running of the four zones?

A
  • Each place would be isolated ~ 4 separate zones with different ideologies.
  • Each zone could be run according to the political and economic principles of the country in charge.
  • Cooperation would be difficult ~ USSR = Communist, other Western Powers = Capitalist.
45
Q

At Potsdam, the Allies had outlined the treatment of occupied Germany build on the principle of what?

A

The Four Ds:

  • Denazification.
  • Decentralisation.
  • Democratisation.
  • Demilitarisation.
46
Q

What are Communist and Capitalist?

A

Opposite

47
Q

What does Decentralisation mean?

A

The transfer of control of the Nazi Party towards several authorities, rather than one single one.

48
Q

What does Democratisation mean?

A

Rebuild democracy ~ wanted Nazism replaced with genuine democratic political parties.

49
Q

What did USSR want to appear as but weren’t?

A

Democratic

impact of war and defeat on germany 1939-1949 - a level democracy and dictatorship in germany 1919-1963 unit 2 (2 decks)

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