Why did support for fascism grow 1919-1922 Flashcards
What did Mussolini create in March 1919?
- Fasci
- 20 ex servicemen leagues
What was common ideology about the fasci?
hatred of liberal state and contempt of socialists
What was the aims of the Fasci party at this time 1919?
- anti-clerical
- end to monarchy
- 8 hour working day
- demanded nationalisation of industry
What did Mussolini feel during the war?
- camaraderie
- trincerocrazia
What was the early Fasci di combattimento made up of?
arditti (crack troop commandos) made in WW1 during Caporetto
What were the fascist party called?
blackshirts
What did the experience of war create?
strong culture of violence among returning soldiers
What did the returning soldiers see the socialists as?
internal enemy `
What were the small military squads called?
squadrisiti,
What happened in April 1919?
- 200-300 fascist squads
- attack socialist demonstration
- burned down Avanti office
Why did Mussolini see the April violence as important?
saw how violence can be useful
How many members of fasci around June?
3,000
What was the outcome of the November election?
- fascists do poorly, less than 5,000 votes
- socialists win 32% of votes (156 deputies)
- liberals bad (signals end of liberal gov)
Why did the liberals still remain in power though?
- PCI and Catholics not working together
What was the government response to fascist violence in april?
no attempt to close down or condemn their action
What did the little government reaction to squadrisiti violence tell Mussolini?
government prepared to take squadrisit violence because of fear of socialits
How many people in support of unions in 1920?
2 million
What was the economy like in 1920?
crisis
What was the wheat production like?
38 mil quintals compared to 52 mil before WW1
What percentage did industrial production fall too?
15%
How many people unemployed by 1919?
2 mil
What was the ‘New Programme’?
- more conservative and right wing
- drop removal of monarchy and church
- more succesful
What PM resigned in June 1920
Nitti
Why did Nitti resign?
- poor eco situation
- situation at Fiume
- failure to please left by reform
- failure of right by not crushing protests and strikes
How many metalworkers occupied factories in Sep 1920?
400,000
What were the strikes known as?
Bienno Rosso strikes
Who replaced Nitti?
Giolitti
How did Giolitti overcome the strikes?
- non-violent
- ask businesses to give shares to workers
What was the result of Giolitti’s tactics?
lost support of m/c, nationalists, industrialists, catholics as he gave into unions demands
How many provinces did socialists control by 1920 Nov?
26 out of 29
Who did m/c people start to support?
fascist squads, leaders like Italo Balbo and Ferrara
What groups were targeted
PSI members, weapons suppiled by police and army barracks
What happened the the PSI during 1921?
members left to form PCI, means they are weak
What myth did Mussolini create during 1921?
Failure of left was due to Fascists and he saved Italy
