Whole Unit Flashcards
1
Q
Define: Primary Care
A
Is focused on early diagnosis and timely, effective treatment, prevention and disease management
2
Q
Define: Primary Health Care
A
Community-based services based on the social model of health, guided by principles of equity, acceptability, cultural competence etc
3
Q
Define: Social Determinants
A
refer to both the specific characteristics of health and the pathways by which conditions around us affect health
4
Q
Define: Health Inequality
A
is the generic term use to designate the (measurable) difference, variations and disparities in the health achievements of individuals and groups
5
Q
Define: Health Inequity
A
refers to those inequalities in health that are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice
6
Q
Define the approach of Population Health & Prevention
A
Is the public health approach that aims to improve the health and well-being of whole populations, while at the same time putting efforts to reduce inequities among and between specific population groups
7
Q
Exam Clue #1
Name the 5 Top Determinants of Health
A
- Class/Socioeconomic status
- Early childhood development
- Poverty, deprivation and social exclusion
- Health literacy
- Gender
8
Q
Exam Clue #2
Define: Victim Blaming
A
This occurs when health policies and practices focus solely on individuals and forget about social, political and economic environment that shape individual behaviours
9
Q
Exam Clue #3
Define: Social Class
A
“A status hierarchy in which individuals and groups are classified on the basis of esteem and prestige acquired manly through economic success and accumulation of wealth”
10
Q
What factors is health influenced by?
A
Lifestyle Economic Political Cultural Environment Social
11
Q
Name the levels of determinants
A
- Proximal determinants
- Intermediate determinants
- Distal determinants
12
Q
Define: Proximal Determinants
A
Seems to have more discernibly direct effects on health
Include- lifestyle & behavioural factors
13
Q
Define: Determinant of Health
A
A factor or characteristic that brings about a change in health, either fr the better or the worse
14
Q
Define: Medicalisation
A
a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness and disorders
15
Q
Give an example: Negative consequences of Medicalisation
A
- People receiving medical treatment when not sick
- Social, political and behaviour orientated solutions are ignored
16
Q
Social problems and Deviance have been re-categorised as..
A
medical problems
17
Q
Exam Clue# 11
Define: Neo-liberalism
A
a term used to describe the resurgence of the political doctrine that individuals (and financial markets) are best left to look after themselves
18
Q
Give examples: Medical Consumerism
A
- Hair transplants
- Botox
- Plastic surgery
- Laser hair removal
- Teeth whitening
19
Q
The basis of Medical Consumerism
A
the merging of wants and needs
20
Q
How many stages are there in Medicalisation
A
5
21
Q
Define: RCT
A
Randomised Control Trial
22
Q
Does scientific knowledge represent absolute truth?
A
It represents temporary truths
23
Q
Define: Idealogy
A
A set of beliefs and values which present the interests of a particular group
24
Q
What is the current medicare levy?
A
2%
25
Define: GHG
Greenhouse Gas
26
How did the idea of social darwinism affect Aboriginals?
It was thought that helping Aboriginals was a waste of time, they were inferior and would die out
27
Give examples: Modern Environmental threats affecting Australia
- air pollution
- water pollution
- drought
- fires
28
Give examples: things that were stolen from the Aboriginals during colonisation
- Land and land rights
- spiritual connection to land
- Lives
- Children
29
When was Australia settled?
1788
30
How far back can Aboriginal settlement be traced?
Approx 100,000 years
31
How has colonisation shaped Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s health and wellbeing?
- Exposed them to new diseases- death and decreased population
- led to poor nutrition
- the disruption of spiritual practices denied them the opportunity to connect with each other socially isolating them.
- Psychological trauma from the separation of families
32
Define: Prevalence
the percentage of the population suffering from a disorder at a given point, or period of time
33
Name the 3 types of research in health
1. Descriptive
2. Analytical
3. Evaluative
34
What are the requires for ongoing therapy (after discharge) to be covered by medicare
* Needs to be chronic condition
* Must be outside the hospital
* Has to be at least 20mins in duration
* Max 5 annual visits
35
Give an example: who is most likely to experience the most adverse effects of climate change
- People in rural areas
- Elderly & children
- People along coastal regions
36
What illnesses are caused by contaminated drinking water?
Diarrhoea
Intestinal worms
Trachoma
schistosomiasis
37
Define: Upstream approach
Is prevention
38
Define: Midstream approach
TBA
39
Define: Downstream approach
is medical treatments (treatment of the problem)
40
Define: Intermediate determinants
are the material factors, including wealth or access to material resources- the natural, physical and built environment
Includes- living/working conditions, education and transport
41
Define: Distal determinants
Referred to as 'Upstream factors'
Include- the national, institutional, political, legal and cultural factors that indirectly influence health by acting on the proximal factors
42
Define: Macro view
emphasises the larger social determinants or structural forces (economic, political, cultural & organisational) that shape everyday lives
43
Define: Micro veiw
emphasises the everyday agency or practices of individuals
44
Define: Holistic health care
is a broad concept that takes into account more than the physical factors and biomedical knowledge
45
Define: Fragmentation
where health professionals work solely within the confines of their position
46
Define: Population Health
seeks to improve the health or whole populations or specific populations
47
Population Health is important to..
understanding the context of health to
| improve health
48
Define: HEALTH
Is the complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing
49
Define: Disease
A body malfunction of physiological or biological origin
50
Define the Focus: Biological approach
the role of genes and their interactions with other determinants of health
51
Define the Focus: Biomedical approach
medically defined pathology
52
Define the Focus: Behavioural approach
the role of lifestyle behaviours
53
Define the Focus: Public Health
reducing disease prevalence rates and controlling communicable disease
54
Define the Focus: Health Education
reducing risk factors & promoting healthy behaviour
55
Define the Focus: Sociological approach
the role of social, political, economic and cultural factors
56
Define the Focus: Health Promotion
health as a means to an end, such as happiness and improved quality of life
57
Define the Focus: New Public Health
Political and economic causes of disease, social justice and equity
58
Exam Clue #4
Define: Social Gradient of Disease
Those people at the 'bottom of the social system have a much higher mortality' rate and lower levels of health
59
Exam Clue #5
Define: Culture
Socially patterned human thought and behaviour
60
Exam Clue #6
Define: Ethnicity
"identification with a social group on the basis of shared values, beliefs, customs, traditions, language and lifestyles"
61
Exam Clue #6
Define: Epistemology
Theories or philosophies of knowledge- how it is people have come to have knowledge of the external world
62
Name the 3 types of Epistemiology
Positivists
Realists
Constructivists
63
Exam Clue #6
Define: New Public Management
strategies to limit access to health care to reduce costs
64
Exam Clue #10
Define: Host Resistance
The impact of psychosocial, nutritional and socio-environmental factors (including social support/cohesion) on a persons nervous, endocrine and immune system
65
Exam Clue #12
Define: Globalisation
"a set of processes leading to the creation of a world as a single entity, relatively undivided by national borders or other types of boundaries such as cultural, economic and temporal boundaries"
(Keleher & MacDougall, 2009)
66
Exam Clue #12
Define: Nutrition Transition
"traditional foods and food habits have been progressively replaced by the globalised food system of the multinational corporations... [This has led to] increased consumption of refined food, cheaper vegetable fats, refined sugars and food additives, such as monosodium glutamate"
(Raschke & Cheema, 2007)
67
Exam Clue #13
Define: Community Engagement
"a strategy to work with diverse groups and communities.... to increase their inclusion, particularly their access to health information and services"
68
Exam Clue #13
Define: Social Justice
"an ethical concept based on human rights, equity, unfairness and inequity in society
69
Exam Clue #9
Define: Urban Sprawl
"a land use/urban planning term used to describe haphazard growth or extension outward, especially that resulting from real estate development on the outskirts of a city"
70
Exam Clue #7
Define: Sustainability
A balance that integrates:
- Protection of the ecological processes and natural systems (at local, regional, state and national levels)
- Economic development
- Maintenance of cultural, economic, physical and social wellbeing of people and communities
71
Approx how many indigenous people are there and across how many countries?
370 million indigenous people
| 70 countries worldwide
72
List some reasons for poorer health in Aboriginals
```
Trauma, grief and loss
Dispossession and disempowerment
Poverty
Education
Appropriate housing
```
73
Define: Epidemiology
the study of distribution and determinants of the state of health of the human population
74
What are the 2 types of Epidemiology
Descriptive and Analytical
75
Define the Key Measurements: Descriptive Epidemiology
Proportions
Ratios
Rates
Prevalence and Incidence
76
Define the calculation used to determine Prevalence
Number of cases a period of time
--------------------------------------- x100 = Prevalence
Population at period of time
77
Define the calculation used to determine Incidence
Number of new cases
__________________________ x100 = incidence rate
Population
78
Define the key measurements: Analytical Epidemiology
Cohort
Prospective
Retrospective
79
Define the 4 types of Health Care Systems
Free Enterprise – private health insurance based systems (e.g., USA)
Social Insurance – a mixed system where the government, employer and worker all contribute to pay for the provision of health care (e.g., Europe, Japan)
Public Assistance – government provides only the basic healthcare. Wealthy people get medical care privately (e.g., developing nations)
Universal Service –government takes full responsibility and health care is paid for through taxation (e.g., UK’s
80
Name the 3 parts to Medicare
Hospital
Medical
Pharmaceutical
81
What is the role of State and Territories in the Australian Healthcare System
Are responsible for community health
- Fund public health activities eg. immunisations, health promotion
- Delivering health education
- Delivering mental, sexual and maternal health services
82
Define the role of Local governments in the Australian Healthcare System
Waste removal
Maintaining green spaces
Local roads, footpaths and parking
Town planning
83
Define: Local Health Networks
a small groups of local hospitals, or an individual hospital linking services within a region or through specialist networks across state & territory
84
Define: GHGs
Greenhouse gases
85
Define the purpose: Greenhouse effect
They absorb and re‐radiate the sun's warmth and maintain the Earth's temperature at a level necessary to support life.
86
Name the Greenhouse gases
Main:
Carbon Di‐Oxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Others:
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
87
Define: Global Warming
is the gradual increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature, due to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
88
Define: Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
89
Define: Compositional Influences
Differences in neighbourhood health attributable to the characteristics of the people who live there
90
Define: Contextual Influences
Differences in neighbourhood health due to the characteristics of the environment
91
Give an example: Contextual factors
Neighbourhood layout
Accessibility/Design
Facilities
Others (eg. air pollution)
92
Define: Walkability
“The extent to which characteristics of the built environment and land use may or may not be conducive to residents in the area walking for either leisure, exercise or recreation, to access services, or to travel to work.”
93
Define: Mixed land use
refers to areas that have both residential and commercial land in the same area
94
Define: Communicable diseases
a disease that can spread from one individual to another
95
Define: Infectious disease
diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi
96
Name the 2 types of Infectious but non-communicable diseases
1. Vector borne diseases
| 2. Zoonotic diseases
97
Define: Vector borne diseases
diseases that are transmitted through a carrier, such as a tick or mosquito, not person to person
98
Define: Zoonotic diseases
are infectious diseases that affect animals but can also cause disease in humans when transmitted to humans
99
Define: Endemic
a disease that occurs at low or consistent levels within a community
100
Define: Epidemic
an excess of cases in the community from that normally expected, or the appearance of new infectious disease
101
Define: Pandemic
The occurrence of an epidemic in multiple communities
102
Define: Outbreak
The sudden occurrence of a disease in a community
103
Name the factors required for Transmission of a Disease
1. Source
2. Mode of transmission (direct, indirect & air transmission)
3. Susceptible recipient/host
104
Define: 3 Modes of Transmission
DIRECT- transfer of microorganisms to the skin or mucous membranes by touching, kissing, sex
INDIRECT- a vehicle-borne infection from infected food/water or vector-borne infection from insects
AIR- inhaling aerosols containing microorganisms
105
Define: Herd Immunity
when vaccination coverage is high enough to produce high levels of population immunity, infections can be eliminated from a community
106
When did WHO's constitution come into force?
1948 (7 April)
107
On a physiological level, what does Stress do?
prompts the Fight or Flight response
- increased heart rate
- faster breathing
- sweating
108
According to Robert Zapulski what is stress?
Stress is measurable, not a state of mind
109
Robert Sapolsky made 2 remarkable discoveries in stress with baboons, these were?
1. a baboons ranks determined the level of stress hormone in its system. Eg. Dominant male- lower stress hormone, Submissive- higher stress hormone
2. the low rank baboons, has increased heart rates and higher blood pressure
110
What were Michael Marmot's studies on?
Human studies on stress and rank
111
Marmot discovered your rank in the hierarchy is linked to what?
your risk of disease and length of life
112
According to Marmot, chronic and long term stress can..
kill brain cells
113
Name the types of stress
Acute stress
Episodic Acute stress
Chronic stress
114
Chronic stress from lack of autonomy/low status leads to
increased heart rate
high blood pressure
depression
decreased brain chemistry
115
Based on Marmot & Sapolsky
The Whitehall study shows...
your place within the social hierarchy affects stress, host resistance and overall population health outcomes
116
What determinants lead to poorer health outcomes for Indigenous Australians
colonisation
trauma
lower rates of education, employment and income
barriers to accessing health care
117
What impact did colonisation have on Indigenous food?
cash crops and less nutritious foods have replaced indigenous crops leading to a nutrition transition
118
What was the health result of the Nutrition Transition
has led to increased NCDs and a double burden of disease
119
Define: Nutrition Transition
"traditional foods and food habits have been progressively replaced by the globalised food system of the multinational corporations.... (This has led to) increased consumption of refined food, cheaper vegetable fats, refined sugars etc"
120
What health affect will Climate Change lead to?
```
heat stroke
death
infectious disease
respiratory illnesses
water shortages
```
121
What environmental determinants increase infectious disease transmission
Overcrowding
poor quality housing
living in close proximity
122
Define: Suburbanisation
means we are more reliant on cars and spend little time engaging in incidental exercise
123
Define: IMR
Infant Mortality Rate
124
What is the Infant Mortality rate used for?
used as a marker for overall population health
125
Define: Medical Consumerism
The increasing perception of medicine as an industry to invest in to improve one's appearance and adherence to social norms, as opposed to a public good
126
Define: Community Development
The active involvement of people sharing the issues that affect their lives by drawing on existing resources to enhance self and social support
127
Define: Climate Change
Changes in our weather patterns because of an increase in the Earths' average temperature
128
Define: Hierarchy
a clearly established system of super- and subordination
129
Infectious diseases are always caused by?
Micro-organisms
130
Define: Incidence
The frequency of new occurences of disease, injury, or death
130
What is a Health System according to WHO?
all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and/or maintain health
130
Climate change can occur from...
Natural factors
| Human activities
131
Give examples of Non-communicable diseases
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Respiratory disease
132
SARS is an example of what type of disease?
Communicable
133
Tuberculosis is an example of what type of disease?
Infectious & Communicable
134
Malaria is an example of what type of disease?
Vector-borne (Infectious)
135
Give examples of Medical Consumerism
Plastic surgery
Botox
Hair transplants
136
Define: Medicalisation
a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illnesses or disorders
137
Define: Double burden of disease
NCDs have not replaced infectious and malnutrition related diseases, they coexist alongside these
138
Define: Social Change
is the significant alteration of social structure and cultural patterns through time
139
Define: Empowerment
a process through which people gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health
140
Whats the difference between Empowerment and Enablement?
Empowerment- involves collaboration and working together, working on goals and action plans
Enablement- includes setting goals and supporting them to attain these goals. May do things for them
141
Define: Community Participation
is about involving communities in the decision-making, planning and processes involved in changing aspects of their/our society to improve health
142
Define: Community Action
refers to collective efforts by communities which are directed towards increasing community control over determinants of health, and hereby improving health
143
Campylobacter is an example of what type of disease?
Infectious and communicable
144
Define: Sporadic
Occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places
145
Define: Iatrogenic
relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
146
Define: Familial
relating to or occurring in a family or its members
147
Define: Class
a position in a system of structured inequality based on the distribution of power, wealth, income and status
148
Define: Social Control
mechanisms that aim to induce conformity, or at least to manage or minimise resistance to dominant norms, values and practices
149
Define: Environmental Health
those aspects f human health determined by physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the environment
150
Name the key Environmental determinants of health
Air
Water
Land degradation
Contamination
