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Whole Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Primary Care

A

Is focused on early diagnosis and timely, effective treatment, prevention and disease management

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2
Q

Define: Primary Health Care

A

Community-based services based on the social model of health, guided by principles of equity, acceptability, cultural competence etc

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3
Q

Define: Social Determinants

A

refer to both the specific characteristics of health and the pathways by which conditions around us affect health

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4
Q

Define: Health Inequality

A

is the generic term use to designate the (measurable) difference, variations and disparities in the health achievements of individuals and groups

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5
Q

Define: Health Inequity

A

refers to those inequalities in health that are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice

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6
Q

Define the approach of Population Health & Prevention

A

Is the public health approach that aims to improve the health and well-being of whole populations, while at the same time putting efforts to reduce inequities among and between specific population groups

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7
Q

Exam Clue #1

Name the 5 Top Determinants of Health

A
  1. Class/Socioeconomic status
  2. Early childhood development
  3. Poverty, deprivation and social exclusion
  4. Health literacy
  5. Gender
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8
Q

Exam Clue #2

Define: Victim Blaming

A

This occurs when health policies and practices focus solely on individuals and forget about social, political and economic environment that shape individual behaviours

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9
Q

Exam Clue #3

Define: Social Class

A

“A status hierarchy in which individuals and groups are classified on the basis of esteem and prestige acquired manly through economic success and accumulation of wealth”

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10
Q

What factors is health influenced by?

A 
Lifestyle
Economic
Political
Cultural
Environment
Social
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11
Q

Name the levels of determinants

A
  • Proximal determinants
  • Intermediate determinants
  • Distal determinants
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12
Q

Define: Proximal Determinants

A

Seems to have more discernibly direct effects on health

Include- lifestyle & behavioural factors

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13
Q

Define: Determinant of Health

A

A factor or characteristic that brings about a change in health, either fr the better or the worse

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14
Q

Define: Medicalisation

A

a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness and disorders

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15
Q

Give an example: Negative consequences of Medicalisation

A
  • People receiving medical treatment when not sick

- Social, political and behaviour orientated solutions are ignored

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16
Q

Social problems and Deviance have been re-categorised as..

A

medical problems

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17
Q

Exam Clue# 11

Define: Neo-liberalism

A

a term used to describe the resurgence of the political doctrine that individuals (and financial markets) are best left to look after themselves

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18
Q

Give examples: Medical Consumerism

A
  • Hair transplants
  • Botox
  • Plastic surgery
  • Laser hair removal
  • Teeth whitening
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19
Q

The basis of Medical Consumerism

A

the merging of wants and needs

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20
Q

How many stages are there in Medicalisation

A

5

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21
Q

Define: RCT

A

Randomised Control Trial

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22
Q

Does scientific knowledge represent absolute truth?

A

It represents temporary truths

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23
Q

Define: Idealogy

A

A set of beliefs and values which present the interests of a particular group

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24
Q

What is the current medicare levy?

A

2%

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25
Q

Define: GHG

A

Greenhouse Gas

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26
Q

How did the idea of social darwinism affect Aboriginals?

A

It was thought that helping Aboriginals was a waste of time, they were inferior and would die out

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27
Q

Give examples: Modern Environmental threats affecting Australia

A
  • air pollution
  • water pollution
  • drought
  • fires
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28
Q

Give examples: things that were stolen from the Aboriginals during colonisation

A
  • Land and land rights
  • spiritual connection to land
  • Lives
  • Children
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29
Q

When was Australia settled?

A

1788

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30
Q

How far back can Aboriginal settlement be traced?

A

Approx 100,000 years

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31
Q

How has colonisation shaped Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s health and wellbeing?

A
  • Exposed them to new diseases- death and decreased population
  • led to poor nutrition
  • the disruption of spiritual practices denied them the opportunity to connect with each other socially isolating them.
  • Psychological trauma from the separation of families
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32
Q

Define: Prevalence

A

the percentage of the population suffering from a disorder at a given point, or period of time

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33
Q

Name the 3 types of research in health

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Analytical
  3. Evaluative
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34
Q

What are the requires for ongoing therapy (after discharge) to be covered by medicare

A
  • Needs to be chronic condition
  • Must be outside the hospital
  • Has to be at least 20mins in duration
  • Max 5 annual visits
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35
Q

Give an example: who is most likely to experience the most adverse effects of climate change

A
  • People in rural areas
  • Elderly & children
  • People along coastal regions
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36
Q

What illnesses are caused by contaminated drinking water?

A

Diarrhoea
Intestinal worms
Trachoma
schistosomiasis

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37
Q

Define: Upstream approach

A

Is prevention

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38
Q

Define: Midstream approach

A

TBA

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39
Q

Define: Downstream approach

A

is medical treatments (treatment of the problem)

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40
Q

Define: Intermediate determinants

A

are the material factors, including wealth or access to material resources- the natural, physical and built environment

Includes- living/working conditions, education and transport

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41
Q

Define: Distal determinants

A

Referred to as ‘Upstream factors’

Include- the national, institutional, political, legal and cultural factors that indirectly influence health by acting on the proximal factors

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42
Q

Define: Macro view

A

emphasises the larger social determinants or structural forces (economic, political, cultural & organisational) that shape everyday lives

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43
Q

Define: Micro veiw

A

emphasises the everyday agency or practices of individuals

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44
Q

Define: Holistic health care

A

is a broad concept that takes into account more than the physical factors and biomedical knowledge

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45
Q

Define: Fragmentation

A

where health professionals work solely within the confines of their position

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46
Q

Define: Population Health

A

seeks to improve the health or whole populations or specific populations

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47
Q

Population Health is important to..

A

understanding the context of health to

improve health

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48
Q

Define: HEALTH

A

Is the complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing

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49
Q

Define: Disease

A

A body malfunction of physiological or biological origin

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50
Q

Define the Focus: Biological approach

A

the role of genes and their interactions with other determinants of health

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51
Q

Define the Focus: Biomedical approach

A

medically defined pathology

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52
Q

Define the Focus: Behavioural approach

A

the role of lifestyle behaviours

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53
Q

Define the Focus: Public Health

A

reducing disease prevalence rates and controlling communicable disease

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54
Q

Define the Focus: Health Education

A

reducing risk factors & promoting healthy behaviour

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55
Q

Define the Focus: Sociological approach

A

the role of social, political, economic and cultural factors

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56
Q

Define the Focus: Health Promotion

A

health as a means to an end, such as happiness and improved quality of life

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57
Q

Define the Focus: New Public Health

A

Political and economic causes of disease, social justice and equity

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58
Q

Exam Clue #4

Define: Social Gradient of Disease

A

Those people at the ‘bottom of the social system have a much higher mortality’ rate and lower levels of health

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59
Q

Exam Clue #5

Define: Culture

A

Socially patterned human thought and behaviour

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60
Q

Exam Clue #6

Define: Ethnicity

A

“identification with a social group on the basis of shared values, beliefs, customs, traditions, language and lifestyles”

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61
Q

Exam Clue #6

Define: Epistemology

A

Theories or philosophies of knowledge- how it is people have come to have knowledge of the external world

62
Q

Name the 3 types of Epistemiology

A

Positivists
Realists
Constructivists

63
Q

Exam Clue #6

Define: New Public Management

A

strategies to limit access to health care to reduce costs

64
Q

Exam Clue #10

Define: Host Resistance

A

The impact of psychosocial, nutritional and socio-environmental factors (including social support/cohesion) on a persons nervous, endocrine and immune system

65
Q

Exam Clue #12

Define: Globalisation

A

“a set of processes leading to the creation of a world as a single entity, relatively undivided by national borders or other types of boundaries such as cultural, economic and temporal boundaries”

(Keleher & MacDougall, 2009)

66
Q

Exam Clue #12

Define: Nutrition Transition

A

“traditional foods and food habits have been progressively replaced by the globalised food system of the multinational corporations… [This has led to] increased consumption of refined food, cheaper vegetable fats, refined sugars and food additives, such as monosodium glutamate”

(Raschke & Cheema, 2007)

67
Q

Exam Clue #13

Define: Community Engagement

A

“a strategy to work with diverse groups and communities…. to increase their inclusion, particularly their access to health information and services”

68
Q

Exam Clue #13

Define: Social Justice

A

“an ethical concept based on human rights, equity, unfairness and inequity in society

69
Q

Exam Clue #9

Define: Urban Sprawl

A

“a land use/urban planning term used to describe haphazard growth or extension outward, especially that resulting from real estate development on the outskirts of a city”

70
Q

Exam Clue #7

Define: Sustainability

A

A balance that integrates:

  • Protection of the ecological processes and natural systems (at local, regional, state and national levels)
  • Economic development
  • Maintenance of cultural, economic, physical and social wellbeing of people and communities
71
Q

Approx how many indigenous people are there and across how many countries?

A

370 million indigenous people

70 countries worldwide

72
Q

List some reasons for poorer health in Aboriginals

A 
Trauma, grief and loss
Dispossession and disempowerment
Poverty
Education
Appropriate housing
73
Q

Define: Epidemiology

A

the study of distribution and determinants of the state of health of the human population

74
Q

What are the 2 types of Epidemiology

A

Descriptive and Analytical

75
Q

Define the Key Measurements: Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Proportions
Ratios
Rates
Prevalence and Incidence

76
Q

Define the calculation used to determine Prevalence

A

Number of cases a period of time
————————————— x100 = Prevalence
Population at period of time

77
Q

Define the calculation used to determine Incidence

A

Number of new cases
__________________________ x100 = incidence rate
Population

78
Q

Define the key measurements: Analytical Epidemiology

A

Cohort
Prospective
Retrospective

79
Q

Define the 4 types of Health Care Systems

A

Free Enterprise – private health insurance based systems (e.g., USA)
Social Insurance – a mixed system where the government, employer and worker all contribute to pay for the provision of health care (e.g., Europe, Japan)
Public Assistance – government provides only the basic healthcare. Wealthy people get medical care privately (e.g., developing nations)
Universal Service –government takes full responsibility and health care is paid for through taxation (e.g., UK’s

80
Q

Name the 3 parts to Medicare

A

Hospital
Medical
Pharmaceutical

81
Q

What is the role of State and Territories in the Australian Healthcare System

A

Are responsible for community health

  • Fund public health activities eg. immunisations, health promotion
  • Delivering health education
  • Delivering mental, sexual and maternal health services
82
Q

Define the role of Local governments in the Australian Healthcare System

A

Waste removal
Maintaining green spaces
Local roads, footpaths and parking
Town planning

83
Q

Define: Local Health Networks

A

a small groups of local hospitals, or an individual hospital linking services within a region or through specialist networks across state & territory

84
Q

Define: GHGs

A

Greenhouse gases

85
Q

Define the purpose: Greenhouse effect

A

They absorb and re‐radiate the sun’s warmth and maintain the Earth’s temperature at a level necessary to support life.

86
Q

Name the Greenhouse gases

A

Main:
 Carbon Di‐Oxide (CO2)  Methane (CH4)
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Others:
 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)  Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)

87
Q

Define: Global Warming

A

is the gradual increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature, due to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

88
Q

Define: Sustainable Development

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

89
Q

Define: Compositional Influences

A

Differences in neighbourhood health attributable to the characteristics of the people who live there

90
Q

Define: Contextual Influences

A

Differences in neighbourhood health due to the characteristics of the environment

91
Q

Give an example: Contextual factors

A

Neighbourhood layout
Accessibility/Design
Facilities
Others (eg. air pollution)

92
Q

Define: Walkability

A

“The extent to which characteristics of the built environment and land use may or may not be conducive to residents in the area walking for either leisure, exercise or recreation, to access services, or to travel to work.”

93
Q

Define: Mixed land use

A

refers to areas that have both residential and commercial land in the same area

94
Q

Define: Communicable diseases

A

a disease that can spread from one individual to another

95
Q

Define: Infectious disease

A

diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

96
Q

Name the 2 types of Infectious but non-communicable diseases

A
  1. Vector borne diseases

2. Zoonotic diseases

97
Q

Define: Vector borne diseases

A

diseases that are transmitted through a carrier, such as a tick or mosquito, not person to person

98
Q

Define: Zoonotic diseases

A

are infectious diseases that affect animals but can also cause disease in humans when transmitted to humans

99
Q

Define: Endemic

A

a disease that occurs at low or consistent levels within a community

100
Q

Define: Epidemic

A

an excess of cases in the community from that normally expected, or the appearance of new infectious disease

101
Q

Define: Pandemic

A

The occurrence of an epidemic in multiple communities

102
Q

Define: Outbreak

A

The sudden occurrence of a disease in a community

103
Q

Name the factors required for Transmission of a Disease

A
  1. Source
  2. Mode of transmission (direct, indirect & air transmission)
  3. Susceptible recipient/host
104
Q

Define: 3 Modes of Transmission

A

DIRECT- transfer of microorganisms to the skin or mucous membranes by touching, kissing, sex
INDIRECT- a vehicle-borne infection from infected food/water or vector-borne infection from insects
AIR- inhaling aerosols containing microorganisms

105
Q

Define: Herd Immunity

A

when vaccination coverage is high enough to produce high levels of population immunity, infections can be eliminated from a community

106
Q

When did WHO’s constitution come into force?

A

1948 (7 April)

107
Q

On a physiological level, what does Stress do?

A

prompts the Fight or Flight response

  • increased heart rate
  • faster breathing
  • sweating
108
Q

According to Robert Zapulski what is stress?

A

Stress is measurable, not a state of mind

109
Q

Robert Sapolsky made 2 remarkable discoveries in stress with baboons, these were?

A
  1. a baboons ranks determined the level of stress hormone in its system. Eg. Dominant male- lower stress hormone, Submissive- higher stress hormone
  2. the low rank baboons, has increased heart rates and higher blood pressure
110
Q

What were Michael Marmot’s studies on?

A

Human studies on stress and rank

111
Q

Marmot discovered your rank in the hierarchy is linked to what?

A

your risk of disease and length of life

112
Q

According to Marmot, chronic and long term stress can..

A

kill brain cells

113
Q

Name the types of stress

A

Acute stress
Episodic Acute stress
Chronic stress

114
Q

Chronic stress from lack of autonomy/low status leads to

A

increased heart rate
high blood pressure
depression
decreased brain chemistry

115
Q

Based on Marmot & Sapolsky

The Whitehall study shows…

A

your place within the social hierarchy affects stress, host resistance and overall population health outcomes

116
Q

What determinants lead to poorer health outcomes for Indigenous Australians

A

colonisation
trauma
lower rates of education, employment and income
barriers to accessing health care

117
Q

What impact did colonisation have on Indigenous food?

A

cash crops and less nutritious foods have replaced indigenous crops leading to a nutrition transition

118
Q

What was the health result of the Nutrition Transition

A

has led to increased NCDs and a double burden of disease

119
Q

Define: Nutrition Transition

A

“traditional foods and food habits have been progressively replaced by the globalised food system of the multinational corporations…. (This has led to) increased consumption of refined food, cheaper vegetable fats, refined sugars etc”

120
Q

What health affect will Climate Change lead to?

A 
heat stroke
death
infectious disease
respiratory illnesses
water shortages
121
Q

What environmental determinants increase infectious disease transmission

A

Overcrowding
poor quality housing
living in close proximity

122
Q

Define: Suburbanisation

A

means we are more reliant on cars and spend little time engaging in incidental exercise

123
Q

Define: IMR

A

Infant Mortality Rate

124
Q

What is the Infant Mortality rate used for?

A

used as a marker for overall population health

125
Q

Define: Medical Consumerism

A

The increasing perception of medicine as an industry to invest in to improve one’s appearance and adherence to social norms, as opposed to a public good

126
Q

Define: Community Development

A

The active involvement of people sharing the issues that affect their lives by drawing on existing resources to enhance self and social support

127
Q

Define: Climate Change

A

Changes in our weather patterns because of an increase in the Earths’ average temperature

128
Q

Define: Hierarchy

A

a clearly established system of super- and subordination

129
Q

Infectious diseases are always caused by?

A

Micro-organisms

130
Q

Define: Incidence

A

The frequency of new occurences of disease, injury, or death

130
Q

What is a Health System according to WHO?

A

all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and/or maintain health

130
Q

Climate change can occur from…

A

Natural factors

Human activities

131
Q

Give examples of Non-communicable diseases

A

Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Respiratory disease

132
Q

SARS is an example of what type of disease?

A

Communicable

133
Q

Tuberculosis is an example of what type of disease?

A

Infectious & Communicable

134
Q

Malaria is an example of what type of disease?

A

Vector-borne (Infectious)

135
Q

Give examples of Medical Consumerism

A

Plastic surgery
Botox
Hair transplants

136
Q

Define: Medicalisation

A

a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illnesses or disorders

137
Q

Define: Double burden of disease

A

NCDs have not replaced infectious and malnutrition related diseases, they coexist alongside these

138
Q

Define: Social Change

A

is the significant alteration of social structure and cultural patterns through time

139
Q

Define: Empowerment

A

a process through which people gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health

140
Q

Whats the difference between Empowerment and Enablement?

A

Empowerment- involves collaboration and working together, working on goals and action plans

Enablement- includes setting goals and supporting them to attain these goals. May do things for them

141
Q

Define: Community Participation

A

is about involving communities in the decision-making, planning and processes involved in changing aspects of their/our society to improve health

142
Q

Define: Community Action

A

refers to collective efforts by communities which are directed towards increasing community control over determinants of health, and hereby improving health

143
Q

Campylobacter is an example of what type of disease?

A

Infectious and communicable

144
Q

Define: Sporadic

A

Occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places

145
Q

Define: Iatrogenic

A

relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment

146
Q

Define: Familial

A

relating to or occurring in a family or its members

147
Q

Define: Class

A

a position in a system of structured inequality based on the distribution of power, wealth, income and status

148
Q

Define: Social Control

A

mechanisms that aim to induce conformity, or at least to manage or minimise resistance to dominant norms, values and practices

149
Q

Define: Environmental Health

A

those aspects f human health determined by physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the environment

150
Q

Name the key Environmental determinants of health

A

Air
Water
Land degradation
Contamination

Population Health & Society (1 decks)

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