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whole coarse Flashcards

1
Q

two types of maps

A

thematic and reference

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2
Q

thematic maps

A

political, physical, plat, road

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3
Q

reference

A

graduated cylinder, topography, cartogram, isoline, dot distribution, chloropleth

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4
Q

maps are distorted in

A

shape, size, distance, direction, location

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5
Q

GIS

A

layers data, lets us see spatial relationships

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6
Q

qualitative data

A

attitudes, beliefs, feelings

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7
Q

quantitive data

A

uses census, number form

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8
Q

what kind of data does the government use

A

both qualitative and quantitative data

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9
Q

what has decreased distance decay

A

space time compression, technology and advanced communication making us more connected also creating a unique sense of place and cultural landscape

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10
Q

environmental determinism

A

environment affects society

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11
Q

environmental possibilism

A

society affects environment

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12
Q

what does scale of analysis look at

A

how data is organized (national, global, local)

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13
Q

small scale maps

A

shows lots of surface but little details (ex. world maps)

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14
Q

large scale map

A

very specific, lots of detail (ex. county map)

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15
Q

types of regions

A

functional, perceptual, formal

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16
Q

functional/nodal region

A

organized around a center or nodal point

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17
Q

perceptual/vernacular region

A

not defined, people’s beliefs (china town)

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18
Q

formal region

A

states boundaries, common attributes

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19
Q

population distribution

A

where and where aren’t people

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20
Q

urban areas have

A

more economic and social opportunities, bring in more migrants

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21
Q

rural areas have

A

less economic and social opportunities, homes and buildings more dispersed, more land, quieter life style

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22
Q

population densities

A

arithmetic, physiological, agriculture

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23
Q

arithmetic density

A

population over amount of land

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24
Q

physiological density

A

population over arable land, shows how much they have to feed

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25
Q

agricultural density

A

farmers over arable land, how efficient are they and how much food produced

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26
Q

CBR

A

live births each year per 1000 people

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27
Q

CDR

A

deaths each year per 1000 people

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28
Q

NIR

A

percentage population grows per year

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29
Q

TFR

A

average number of children women have

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30
Q

dependency ratio

A

number of working people who support those not working

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31
Q

sex ratio

A

number of males compared to females

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32
Q

doubling time

A

time taken for population to double

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33
Q

population pyramids

A

model displaying a countries population

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34
Q

large base

A

early stage of DTM

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35
Q

top heavy

A

later stage of DTM

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36
Q

stage 1 of DTM

A

low growth, high CBR, high CDR

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37
Q

stage 2 of DTM

A

industrial revolution, falling CDR, high CBR, population boom

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38
Q

stage 3 DTM

A

urbanization, CBR slowly falling and more moderate

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39
Q

stage 4 of DTM

A

women are getting more job opportunities, ZPG (zero population growth), CBR + CDR equal just low

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40
Q

stage 5 of DTM

A

CDR rises above CBR, population decrease

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41
Q

epidemiological transition model

A

looks at cause of death

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42
Q

pro natalism

A

government makes more advantages for people to have kids so population increases

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43
Q

anti natalism

A

policies restricting population growth

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44
Q

malthus

A

thought the population would keep increasing past carrying capacity and everyone would starve

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45
Q

neo malthusians

A

still believe malthus just think he had a limited scope and there are other factors

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46
Q

carrying capacity

A

how many people an area can sustain with its resources

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47
Q

push factors

A

push people away

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48
Q

pull factors

A

bring people in

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49
Q

reasons for migration

A

social, political, and economical (mainly economical)

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50
Q

forced migration

A

events put migrants life in jeopardy causes them to migrant

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51
Q

voluntary migration

A

they choose to migrate without fear

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52
Q

transhumance

A

migrate with livestock seasonal movement

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53
Q

intraregional

A

permanently moving from one region of a country to another

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54
Q

chain migration

A

one person migrates and other people follow that person

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55
Q

step migration

A

migration happens in steps

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56
Q

guest workers

A

people go to a country to work temporarily

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57
Q

transnational

A

migrate over international boardwds

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58
Q

what caused counter migration

A

migration!

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59
Q

cultural relativism

A

we view a culture through their perspective, don’t hold them to our cultures standards

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60
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judge a culture based on our social norms

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61
Q

cultural landscape

A

how land is used and affected based on culture

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62
Q

centripetal

A

brings together

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63
Q

centrifugal

A

breaks apart

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64
Q

relocation diffusion

A

people move not taking their culture with them

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65
Q

expansion diffusion

A

amount of people in culture is growing

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66
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

type of expansion diffusion, goes from top down like a social class

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67
Q

contagious diffusion

A

type of expansion diffusion, diffuses in all different directions and everyone has access (like social media trends)

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68
Q

stimulus diffusion

A

cultural traits diffuse and adapt to other cultural traits

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69
Q

what has diffusion occurred through

A

colonialism (english made it lingua franca), imperialism, and modernly through urbanization, globalization, and the internet

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70
Q

space time compression

A

allows us to communicate with people all over the world, distance decay decreases

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71
Q

cultural resistance

A

people protest about different migrant communities, caused by diffusion

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72
Q

acculturation

A

people keep their culture but adopt parts of new

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73
Q

assimilation

A

loss of culture completely and new culture is completely adopted

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74
Q

syncretism

A

two cultures come together to make one

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75
Q

multi culturalism

A

multiple ethnic groups coexist in one society

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76
Q

why do folk and indigenous cultures isolate themselves

A

to protect cultural identity

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77
Q

examples of universalizing religions

A

christianity, islam, buddhism, sikhism

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78
Q

examples of ethnic religions

A

judaism, hinduism

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79
Q

universalizing religions

A

diffuse on a more global scale, want to convert more followers

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80
Q

ethnic religions

A

want to protect their identity, not trying to please everyone

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81
Q

nation

A

group of people with a shared culture

82
Q

state

A

has permanent population, sovereign government, recognized by other states

83
Q

nation-state

A

state made up of a nation

84
Q

multinational state

A

state made up of multiple nations coexisting

85
Q

stateless nation

A

nation without a state (kurds, romani)

86
Q

multi state nation

A

nation that exists in multiple states (korean nation in north and south korea)

87
Q

autonomous regions

A

areas with high degree of self governemnr

88
Q

semi-autonomous regions

A

areas with little self rule

89
Q

self determination

A

nations which have the right to govern themselves without the influence of external powers (done to protect cultural identity and prevent being ruled by another nation)

90
Q

shatterbelt regions

A

caught between 2 external fighting powers

91
Q

neocolonialism

A

way of controlling a country without actually controlling them (using political or economic influence)

92
Q

relic boundaries

A

no longer exist but still impact cultural landscape (berlin wall)

93
Q

antecedent boundary

A

existed before human settlement, mainly natural

94
Q

subsequent boundary

A

based on ethnic groups and cultures

95
Q

consequent boundaries

A

used to divide cultural groups, accommodate differences

96
Q

superimposed boundary

A

created by a foreign state (Africa)

97
Q

geometric boundary

A

straight line (boarder of america and canada)

98
Q

law of the sea

A

has a bunch of different zones
1. territorial waters (12 nautical miles)
2. contiguous zone (24 nautical miles)
3. EEZ (200 nautical miles)
4. international waters

99
Q

gerrymandering

A

politicians redistricting districts in their favor

100
Q

unitary

A

power is concentrated towards one government only (centrifugal)

101
Q

federal

A

power is concentrated to all governments (centripetal)

102
Q

sovereignty

A

states right to self rule

103
Q

benefits of joining global organizations

A

can help stop global issues, trade benefits, military alliances, however they do give up some sovereignty

104
Q

intensive farming

A

little land, lots labor, labor done by machinery, near population, maximize production

105
Q

examples of intensive farming

A

plantations (developing countries), mixed crop + livestock (developed country), market gardening (country with long growing seasons)

106
Q

extensive farming

A

lots of land, little labor, labor by hand, far from population

107
Q

examples of extensive farming

A

shifting cultivation (developing + tropical climate), nomadic herding (dry airy climates), ranching (super far with need of lots of land)

108
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

focuses on feeding families, don’t care about profit, small, by hand

109
Q

commercial agriculture

A

focus on profit, to benefit business, larger, more technological

110
Q

clustered settlement patterns

A

higher population, homes packed together

111
Q

dispersed settlement patterns

A

lower population, homes spaced our

112
Q

linear settlement pattern

A

along a river, road, or trade route

113
Q

survey methods

A

metes and bounds
township and range
long lots

114
Q

metes and bounds

A

short distances, show geographic features in area

115
Q

long lots

A

land divided into narrow plots, each has a transportation system

116
Q

township and range

A

use longitude and latitude to make a grid like system

117
Q

what do agricultural hearths show

A

diff crops and animals originated and how they diffused (events like colombian exchange helped diffuse)

118
Q

1st agricultural revolution

A

sedentary agriculture take off, creation of farming

119
Q

2nd agricultural revolution

A

new technology created, greater food surplus, changed migration patterns, way of living, and population boom happened

120
Q

3ed agricultural revolution

A

green revolution, pesticides and gmos

121
Q

monocroping

A

growing the same crop each year to increase production, can lead to depletion of soil

122
Q

monoculture

A

growing only 1 type of crop at a period of time then switching each harvest

123
Q

scale up of business

A

modern farms have scaled up in business and produce lots of food in low cost, favors multinational corps and agro businesses than small family farms (subsistence)

124
Q

value added specialty crop

A

gain in value when production occurs (wheat to flour)

125
Q

what do value added crops change

A

how food is produced, where it’s being sold, and how it’s made

126
Q

organic farming

A

removes chemical fertilizers and non sustainable practices from production

127
Q

women in developing countries

A

women are a large part of subsistence farming in developing countries, informal economy, paid lower wages, less opportunities in society, most likely to be victims of discrimination

128
Q

women in developed countries

A

more roles, still mainly agriculture, gets us closer to achieving equality

129
Q

bid rent theory

A

when you move away from an urban area land price goes down, as you go closer land price goes up

130
Q

von thunen model

A

model which shows 4 rings surrounding a CBD

131
Q

1st ring from CBD

A

dairy because once made you can’t transport it far because it could spoil

132
Q

2nd ring from CBD

A

forest and lumber because it is hard to transport but needs more space than dairy

133
Q

3rd ring from CBD

A

grain and field crops because not super hard to transport but need large amount of land

134
Q

4th ring from CBD

A

livestock and herding because need the make space and is easy to transport since animals can walk themselves

135
Q

site factors

A

unique things, like the climate, natural resources, absolute location

136
Q

situation factors

A

connections between different places, like rivers, roads, airports, or ports

137
Q

mega city

A

settlement with over 10 million peiple

138
Q

meta city

A

settlement with over 20 million people

139
Q

boomburbs

A

rapidly growing suburban city, can be as large as a city but maintains the suburban feel

140
Q

exurb

A

exists outside suburban area with connection to a metro area

141
Q

edge cities

A

urban areas located on outskirts of city, normally connected to a major railway or have own economic focus

142
Q

how to cultural trends diffuse

A

world cities

143
Q

what does gravity model predict

A

likelihood of two different places interacting

144
Q

what do large settlements have

A

more people and more places interact with each other, also have larger range (pull of people from farther distance)

145
Q

threshold

A

size of population needed to keep service existing and profitable

146
Q

central place theory

A

supports idea that large settlements have more people and place interaction and large range, also shows hierarchy, can see where cities and towns and hamlets and villages lay in spatial association, can also analyze location of goods and services

147
Q

specialized services

A

have larger range, high threshold, need to be located in a more densely populated area

148
Q

primate city rule

A

largest settlement doubles population of 2nd largest

149
Q

rank size rule

A

the nth largest city is 1/n the largest

150
Q

primate city

A

largest city in urban system

151
Q

burgess concentric zone model

A
  • city goes outwards from CBD
  • newer homes built on outskirts
  • oldest near center
152
Q

hoyt sector model

A
  • city developed in series of wedges
  • CBD center
  • transportation and industry go through city
  • based around different economic and environmental factors
153
Q

harris and ullman multiple nuclei model

A
  • multiple CBDs (are nodal points)
  • nodes attract people and jobs
154
Q

galactic model

A
  • more developed countries
  • expansion of multiple nuclei model
  • edge cities forming
155
Q

latin american city model

A
  • spine connecting CBD to wealthy shopping district
  • disamenity zone (high poverty neighborhoods lacking essential services and infrastructure)
156
Q

african city model

A
  • 3 diff CBDs
  • squatter settlements located around urban area
157
Q

squatter settlements and favelas

A

low income settlements being lived in illegally, have higher crime rates, informal economy, less infrastructure

158
Q

asian city model

A
  • based around port
  • government zone overlooking trade
159
Q

what do population pyramids account for that the DTM doesn’t

A

immigration and emigration

160
Q

MDC

A

more developed country

161
Q

high densely populated areas near CBD…

A

build vertically since not lots of land and land is expensive (skyscrapers)

162
Q

medium densely is…

A

more single or multiple family homes, not lots of space between properties and limiting front and backyard space

163
Q

lowly densely…

A

have large front and backyards and lots of space between properties (rural)

164
Q

what can bring people to urban areas

A

investments in infrastructure, transportation, healthcare, schools

165
Q

sustainable cities can

A

counter urban sprawl

166
Q

urban sprawl

A

extension of urban areas, taking parts of suburban and rural areas to do so. this can easily remove people from their homes and increase property prices and take away needed land for things like farming

167
Q

new urbanism

A

policy seeking walkable neighborhoods to reduce urban sprawl and make life more affordable and easier for residents

168
Q

green belts

A

areas where homes and businesses cannot be developed on (parks)

169
Q

urban growth boundaries

A

regional boundary made to prevent urban sprawl

170
Q

sustainability

A

living in a way where we can meet our wants and needs without compromising the future generations

171
Q

what does a change in urban policy or government policy do

A

people think it can create controversy’s like more segregation, unequal economic development, loss of historical neighborhoods reducing cultural landscape and sense of place

172
Q

redlining

A

when communities were segregated by politicians which led to discriminatory practices towards minority communities and segregating neighborhoods

173
Q

blockbusting

A

contributed to white flight segregating neighborhoods

174
Q

gentrification

A

replacing old housing and buildings with new more modern raising property values, increasing wealth in neighborhoods with low incomes, takes old buildings and makes them used but can push out old residents who can’t afford to live there anymore

175
Q

what did industrial revolution change

A

how food is produced, services, migration patterns, urbanization, and settlements

176
Q

formal economy

A

jobs regulated by governemnt

177
Q

informal economy

A

non government regulated jobs (babysitting and dog walking)

178
Q

primary sector

A

jobs revolved around natural resources

179
Q

secondary sector

A

jobs revolve around manufacturing and production

180
Q

tertiary

A

service jobs

181
Q

quaternary and quinary

A

are part of tertiary sector

182
Q

quaternary

A

services based but deals with collecting info

183
Q

quinary

A

focused on decision making processes

184
Q

jobs offered in core countries are

A

in tertiary sectors

185
Q

jobs in semi periphery and periphery are

A

mainly secondary and primary

186
Q

what do core countries do to developing countries

A

take advantage of their cheap resources and labor so they can make their products for a cheaper cost

187
Q

special economic zones

A

areas where laws on trade and business are different from the rest of the country (china)

188
Q

export processing zones

A

areas promoting economic growth by offering things to foreign places

189
Q

free trade zone

A

goods can be stored, manufactured, and handled without paying tariffs (extra fees)

190
Q

special economic zone, export processing zone, and free trade zone are used with

A

offshoring

191
Q

offshoring

A

basing part of a company overseas

192
Q

just in time delivery

A

delivery products just in time

193
Q

agglomeration

A

clustering of similar industries in one area to decrease company costs

194
Q

growth piles

A

areas with concentration of technically advanced industries stimulating economic development in businesses connected to industries

195
Q

neoliberal policies

A

want free trade agreements globally
- nafta
- world trade organization
- international monetary fund

196
Q

countries which trade

A

are better off

197
Q

GDP

A

total value of goods and services produced inside a countries boundaries, how things are going

198
Q

GNP

A

value of goods and services produced by country’s citizens, production rate of all citizens

199
Q

GNI

A

countries income over population, to understand living standard

200
Q

GII

A

how gender equality is

201
Q

HDI

A

let us understand life expectancies

202
Q

micro loans

A

loans given by someone in society not the bank

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