whole coarse Flashcards
two types of maps
thematic and reference
thematic maps
political, physical, plat, road
reference
graduated cylinder, topography, cartogram, isoline, dot distribution, chloropleth
maps are distorted in
shape, size, distance, direction, location
GIS
layers data, lets us see spatial relationships
qualitative data
attitudes, beliefs, feelings
quantitive data
uses census, number form
what kind of data does the government use
both qualitative and quantitative data
what has decreased distance decay
space time compression, technology and advanced communication making us more connected also creating a unique sense of place and cultural landscape
environmental determinism
environment affects society
environmental possibilism
society affects environment
what does scale of analysis look at
how data is organized (national, global, local)
small scale maps
shows lots of surface but little details (ex. world maps)
large scale map
very specific, lots of detail (ex. county map)
types of regions
functional, perceptual, formal
functional/nodal region
organized around a center or nodal point
perceptual/vernacular region
not defined, people’s beliefs (china town)
formal region
states boundaries, common attributes
population distribution
where and where aren’t people
urban areas have
more economic and social opportunities, bring in more migrants
rural areas have
less economic and social opportunities, homes and buildings more dispersed, more land, quieter life style
population densities
arithmetic, physiological, agriculture
arithmetic density
population over amount of land
physiological density
population over arable land, shows how much they have to feed
agricultural density
farmers over arable land, how efficient are they and how much food produced
CBR
live births each year per 1000 people
CDR
deaths each year per 1000 people
NIR
percentage population grows per year
TFR
average number of children women have
dependency ratio
number of working people who support those not working
sex ratio
number of males compared to females
doubling time
time taken for population to double
population pyramids
model displaying a countries population
large base
early stage of DTM
top heavy
later stage of DTM
stage 1 of DTM
low growth, high CBR, high CDR
stage 2 of DTM
industrial revolution, falling CDR, high CBR, population boom
stage 3 DTM
urbanization, CBR slowly falling and more moderate
stage 4 of DTM
women are getting more job opportunities, ZPG (zero population growth), CBR + CDR equal just low
stage 5 of DTM
CDR rises above CBR, population decrease
epidemiological transition model
looks at cause of death
pro natalism
government makes more advantages for people to have kids so population increases
anti natalism
policies restricting population growth
malthus
thought the population would keep increasing past carrying capacity and everyone would starve
neo malthusians
still believe malthus just think he had a limited scope and there are other factors
carrying capacity
how many people an area can sustain with its resources
push factors
push people away
pull factors
bring people in
reasons for migration
social, political, and economical (mainly economical)
forced migration
events put migrants life in jeopardy causes them to migrant
voluntary migration
they choose to migrate without fear
transhumance
migrate with livestock seasonal movement
intraregional
permanently moving from one region of a country to another
chain migration
one person migrates and other people follow that person
step migration
migration happens in steps
guest workers
people go to a country to work temporarily
transnational
migrate over international boardwds
what caused counter migration
migration!
cultural relativism
we view a culture through their perspective, don’t hold them to our cultures standards
ethnocentrism
judge a culture based on our social norms
cultural landscape
how land is used and affected based on culture
centripetal
brings together
centrifugal
breaks apart
relocation diffusion
people move not taking their culture with them
expansion diffusion
amount of people in culture is growing
hierarchical diffusion
type of expansion diffusion, goes from top down like a social class
contagious diffusion
type of expansion diffusion, diffuses in all different directions and everyone has access (like social media trends)
stimulus diffusion
cultural traits diffuse and adapt to other cultural traits
what has diffusion occurred through
colonialism (english made it lingua franca), imperialism, and modernly through urbanization, globalization, and the internet
space time compression
allows us to communicate with people all over the world, distance decay decreases
cultural resistance
people protest about different migrant communities, caused by diffusion
acculturation
people keep their culture but adopt parts of new
assimilation
loss of culture completely and new culture is completely adopted
syncretism
two cultures come together to make one
multi culturalism
multiple ethnic groups coexist in one society
why do folk and indigenous cultures isolate themselves
to protect cultural identity
examples of universalizing religions
christianity, islam, buddhism, sikhism
examples of ethnic religions
judaism, hinduism
universalizing religions
diffuse on a more global scale, want to convert more followers
ethnic religions
want to protect their identity, not trying to please everyone
nation
group of people with a shared culture
state
has permanent population, sovereign government, recognized by other states
nation-state
state made up of a nation
multinational state
state made up of multiple nations coexisting
stateless nation
nation without a state (kurds, romani)
multi state nation
nation that exists in multiple states (korean nation in north and south korea)
autonomous regions
areas with high degree of self governemnr
semi-autonomous regions
areas with little self rule
self determination
nations which have the right to govern themselves without the influence of external powers (done to protect cultural identity and prevent being ruled by another nation)
shatterbelt regions
caught between 2 external fighting powers
neocolonialism
way of controlling a country without actually controlling them (using political or economic influence)
relic boundaries
no longer exist but still impact cultural landscape (berlin wall)
antecedent boundary
existed before human settlement, mainly natural
subsequent boundary
based on ethnic groups and cultures
consequent boundaries
used to divide cultural groups, accommodate differences
superimposed boundary
created by a foreign state (Africa)
geometric boundary
straight line (boarder of america and canada)
law of the sea
has a bunch of different zones
1. territorial waters (12 nautical miles)
2. contiguous zone (24 nautical miles)
3. EEZ (200 nautical miles)
4. international waters
gerrymandering
politicians redistricting districts in their favor
unitary
power is concentrated towards one government only (centrifugal)
federal
power is concentrated to all governments (centripetal)
sovereignty
states right to self rule
benefits of joining global organizations
can help stop global issues, trade benefits, military alliances, however they do give up some sovereignty
intensive farming
little land, lots labor, labor done by machinery, near population, maximize production
examples of intensive farming
plantations (developing countries), mixed crop + livestock (developed country), market gardening (country with long growing seasons)
extensive farming
lots of land, little labor, labor by hand, far from population
examples of extensive farming
shifting cultivation (developing + tropical climate), nomadic herding (dry airy climates), ranching (super far with need of lots of land)
subsistence agriculture
focuses on feeding families, don’t care about profit, small, by hand
commercial agriculture
focus on profit, to benefit business, larger, more technological
clustered settlement patterns
higher population, homes packed together
dispersed settlement patterns
lower population, homes spaced our
linear settlement pattern
along a river, road, or trade route
survey methods
metes and bounds
township and range
long lots
metes and bounds
short distances, show geographic features in area
long lots
land divided into narrow plots, each has a transportation system
township and range
use longitude and latitude to make a grid like system
what do agricultural hearths show
diff crops and animals originated and how they diffused (events like colombian exchange helped diffuse)
1st agricultural revolution
sedentary agriculture take off, creation of farming
2nd agricultural revolution
new technology created, greater food surplus, changed migration patterns, way of living, and population boom happened
3ed agricultural revolution
green revolution, pesticides and gmos
monocroping
growing the same crop each year to increase production, can lead to depletion of soil
monoculture
growing only 1 type of crop at a period of time then switching each harvest
scale up of business
modern farms have scaled up in business and produce lots of food in low cost, favors multinational corps and agro businesses than small family farms (subsistence)
value added specialty crop
gain in value when production occurs (wheat to flour)
what do value added crops change
how food is produced, where it’s being sold, and how it’s made
organic farming
removes chemical fertilizers and non sustainable practices from production
women in developing countries
women are a large part of subsistence farming in developing countries, informal economy, paid lower wages, less opportunities in society, most likely to be victims of discrimination
women in developed countries
more roles, still mainly agriculture, gets us closer to achieving equality
bid rent theory
when you move away from an urban area land price goes down, as you go closer land price goes up
von thunen model
model which shows 4 rings surrounding a CBD
1st ring from CBD
dairy because once made you can’t transport it far because it could spoil
2nd ring from CBD
forest and lumber because it is hard to transport but needs more space than dairy
3rd ring from CBD
grain and field crops because not super hard to transport but need large amount of land
4th ring from CBD
livestock and herding because need the make space and is easy to transport since animals can walk themselves
site factors
unique things, like the climate, natural resources, absolute location
situation factors
connections between different places, like rivers, roads, airports, or ports
mega city
settlement with over 10 million peiple
meta city
settlement with over 20 million people
boomburbs
rapidly growing suburban city, can be as large as a city but maintains the suburban feel
exurb
exists outside suburban area with connection to a metro area
edge cities
urban areas located on outskirts of city, normally connected to a major railway or have own economic focus
how to cultural trends diffuse
world cities
what does gravity model predict
likelihood of two different places interacting
what do large settlements have
more people and more places interact with each other, also have larger range (pull of people from farther distance)
threshold
size of population needed to keep service existing and profitable
central place theory
supports idea that large settlements have more people and place interaction and large range, also shows hierarchy, can see where cities and towns and hamlets and villages lay in spatial association, can also analyze location of goods and services
specialized services
have larger range, high threshold, need to be located in a more densely populated area
primate city rule
largest settlement doubles population of 2nd largest
rank size rule
the nth largest city is 1/n the largest
primate city
largest city in urban system
burgess concentric zone model
- city goes outwards from CBD
- newer homes built on outskirts
- oldest near center
hoyt sector model
- city developed in series of wedges
- CBD center
- transportation and industry go through city
- based around different economic and environmental factors
harris and ullman multiple nuclei model
- multiple CBDs (are nodal points)
- nodes attract people and jobs
galactic model
- more developed countries
- expansion of multiple nuclei model
- edge cities forming
latin american city model
- spine connecting CBD to wealthy shopping district
- disamenity zone (high poverty neighborhoods lacking essential services and infrastructure)
african city model
- 3 diff CBDs
- squatter settlements located around urban area
squatter settlements and favelas
low income settlements being lived in illegally, have higher crime rates, informal economy, less infrastructure
asian city model
- based around port
- government zone overlooking trade
what do population pyramids account for that the DTM doesn’t
immigration and emigration
MDC
more developed country
high densely populated areas near CBD…
build vertically since not lots of land and land is expensive (skyscrapers)
medium densely is…
more single or multiple family homes, not lots of space between properties and limiting front and backyard space
lowly densely…
have large front and backyards and lots of space between properties (rural)
what can bring people to urban areas
investments in infrastructure, transportation, healthcare, schools
sustainable cities can
counter urban sprawl
urban sprawl
extension of urban areas, taking parts of suburban and rural areas to do so. this can easily remove people from their homes and increase property prices and take away needed land for things like farming
new urbanism
policy seeking walkable neighborhoods to reduce urban sprawl and make life more affordable and easier for residents
green belts
areas where homes and businesses cannot be developed on (parks)
urban growth boundaries
regional boundary made to prevent urban sprawl
sustainability
living in a way where we can meet our wants and needs without compromising the future generations
what does a change in urban policy or government policy do
people think it can create controversy’s like more segregation, unequal economic development, loss of historical neighborhoods reducing cultural landscape and sense of place
redlining
when communities were segregated by politicians which led to discriminatory practices towards minority communities and segregating neighborhoods
blockbusting
contributed to white flight segregating neighborhoods
gentrification
replacing old housing and buildings with new more modern raising property values, increasing wealth in neighborhoods with low incomes, takes old buildings and makes them used but can push out old residents who can’t afford to live there anymore
what did industrial revolution change
how food is produced, services, migration patterns, urbanization, and settlements
formal economy
jobs regulated by governemnt
informal economy
non government regulated jobs (babysitting and dog walking)
primary sector
jobs revolved around natural resources
secondary sector
jobs revolve around manufacturing and production
tertiary
service jobs
quaternary and quinary
are part of tertiary sector
quaternary
services based but deals with collecting info
quinary
focused on decision making processes
jobs offered in core countries are
in tertiary sectors
jobs in semi periphery and periphery are
mainly secondary and primary
what do core countries do to developing countries
take advantage of their cheap resources and labor so they can make their products for a cheaper cost
special economic zones
areas where laws on trade and business are different from the rest of the country (china)
export processing zones
areas promoting economic growth by offering things to foreign places
free trade zone
goods can be stored, manufactured, and handled without paying tariffs (extra fees)
special economic zone, export processing zone, and free trade zone are used with
offshoring
offshoring
basing part of a company overseas
just in time delivery
delivery products just in time
agglomeration
clustering of similar industries in one area to decrease company costs
growth piles
areas with concentration of technically advanced industries stimulating economic development in businesses connected to industries
neoliberal policies
want free trade agreements globally
- nafta
- world trade organization
- international monetary fund
countries which trade
are better off
GDP
total value of goods and services produced inside a countries boundaries, how things are going
GNP
value of goods and services produced by country’s citizens, production rate of all citizens
GNI
countries income over population, to understand living standard
GII
how gender equality is
HDI
let us understand life expectancies
micro loans
loans given by someone in society not the bank
