WHITE BLOOD CELLS MORPHOLOGY ,FUNCTIONS Flashcards
NEUTROPHILS morphology
➢Main defence of the body against bacteria infection.
➢Normal neutrophil has a diameter of about 13µm.
➢Has segmented nucleus of 3-5 lobes.
➢Cytoplasm usually stained pink / orange with fine granulation except in bacteria infection when the granules appear coarse and deeply stained (toxic granulation)
EOSINOPHILS
●Usually about 12-17µm in diameter.
●They usually have two nuclear segment.
●Usually have eosinophilic granules.
* fight parasitic worms
* functions is allergic reactions such as asthma
Basophils
:
●Nuclear segments tend to fold up on each other resembling a closed lotus flower.
●Cytoplasm usually have large dark blue or purple granules which often obscure the nucleus.
Monocyte
:
•The largest of the circulating leucocytes.
•About 15-18µm in diameter.
•Have bluish-grey cytoplasm that contains fine reddish granules.
•The nucleus is large,folded or curled without segmentation.
Lymphocyte
●Mononuclear cell with thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm.
●Usually about 9µm in diameter.
●Occasionally contains scanty granules.
●About 85% of the circulating lymphocytes are T cells or natural killer cells.
NEUTROPENIA
•Viral infections
•Drugs : i) Anti-inflammatory ,Phenylbutazone.
ii) Antibacterial e.g Chloramphenicol, Cotrimoxazole.
iii)Anticonvulsants e.g Phenytoin.
iv)Antithyroid e.g Carbimazole.
v) Hypoglycaemic e.g Tolbutamide
•Hypersplenism
•Bone marrow failure
CAUSES NEUTROPHILIA
•Bacterial infections
•Inflammation e.g Myocardial infarction
•Myeloproliferative disorders: e.g CML
•Drugs e.g steroid
•Disseminated malignancy
•Stress e.g trauma, surgery, burns.
•Metabolic disorders e.g uraemia,gout
LYMPHOCYTOSIS
•Acute viral infection
•Chronic infection e.g TB, hepatitis, syphilis
•Leukemia and lymphomas esp CLL
LYMPHOPENIA
•Steroid therapy
•Systemic Lupus erythematosis
•Uraemia
•HIV
•Marrow infiltration
•Post chemotherapy or radiotherapy
EOSINOPHILIA
•Drug reactions e.g Erythema multiforme
•Allergies: Brochial asthma,food sensitivity ,urticaria
•Parasitic infestations: helminthiasis…Amoebiasis,Hookworm, Ascariasis
•Skin disease: Psoriasis, dermatitis herpetiformis.
•Hodgkin’s disease.
•Hypereosinophilic syndrome
EOSINOPENIA
•Acute inflammation
•Drugs: steroid , catecholamines
MONOCYTOSIS
•Chronic bacteria infections: Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever.
•Acute myeloid Leukaemia
•Hodgkin’s disease
•Myelodyplasia
• Malaria
BASOPHILIA
•Myeloproliferative disease
•Viral infection
•IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions e.g urticaria
•Inflammatory disorder e.g Rheumatoid arthritis
Döhle Bodies
•Small round or oval pale blue structures usually found at the periphery of the neutrophil.
•Consist of ribososmes and endoplasmic reticulum.
•Seen in severe bacteria infections.
Toxic granulations
Presence of Coarse red-purple granules in the neutrophils.
Seen in septicaemia.
Left shift
Presence of immature white cells in the peripheral blood. E.g band forms and metamyelocytes.
Less than 3 lobes in nucleus
THE LEUKAEMOID REACTION
A reactive and excessive leucocytosis characterized by the presence of immature white cells in the peripheral blood …..Myeloblast,promyelocyte, Myelocytes, metamyelocytes,band forms.
Usually seen in severe infections.
What is Right shift /Hypersegmentation and where can you see it?
Neutrophils with more than five nuclear lobes segments.
Seen in megaloblastic anaemia, uraemia and post chemotherapy especially methotrexate.
What is Pelger Huët Anomaly?
Benign inherited anomaly in which neutrophil nuclei fail to segment properly . Majority of the neutrophils have only two discrete equal sized lobes connected by a thin chromatin bridge.
Seen in Myelodysplastic syndrome and Acute myeloid Leukaemia.
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
This is the most common qualitative disorder of phagocytes .
Usually due to mutations of the MPO gene inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.
This usually affects the polymorphonuclear microbicidal activity.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
A rare disorder manifested by delayed wound healing ,recurrent bacterial infections and neutrophilia.
Usually results in severe impaired neutrophil chemotaxis and emigration to the site of infection.
Chediak – Higashi syndrome
Inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion .
Characterized by: i)Presence of giant granules in the neutrophils,eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
ii) Neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia
iii) Marked hepatosplenomegaly.
May –Hegglin anomaly.
Inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Characterized by:
i) Basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions of RNA in the neutrophils.
ii) Mild thrombocytopaenia with giant platelets.
Types of WBC
Granulocytes have visible granules or grains inside the cells that have different cell functions. Types of granulocytes include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils.
•Agranulocytes are free of visible grains under the microscope and include lymphocytes and monocytes.
•Together, they coordinate with one another to fight off things like cancer, cellular damage, and infectious diseases.
