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103: Theme 2 > White Blood Cells and Immune responses > Flashcards

White Blood Cells and Immune responses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the immune system?

A
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2
Q

What WBCs are known as auxiliary cells?

A
  • Basophil
  • Mast cells
  • Platelets

They act as inflammatory mediators

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3
Q

What WBC type are granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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4
Q

What are Mast cells?

A
  • not found in blood only in the tissue
  • releases substances that affect vascular permeability
  • prominent in mucosal and epithelial tissue
  • Express FceRI (binds IgE)
  • release granules containing histamine and other active agents
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5
Q

What is the breakdown of Blood counts in adults?

A
  • neutrophils 50-70% - lymphocytes 20-40% - monocytes 3-10% - Eosinophil 1-3% Basophil <1%
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6
Q

What is the role of NK cells?

A
  • act as part of the adaptive immune system
  • 5% of lymphocytes
  • non-specific antigens
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7
Q

What are Basophils and what do they do?

A
  • cells that are lobed nuclei and heavily granulated cytoplasm
  • express FceRI
  • circulate in the blood
  • recruited to sites of allergic reaction or ectoparasites
  • Non-phagocytic cell
  • can bind to allergen-specific IgE
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8
Q

What are Eosinophils and what do they do?

A
  • bilobed nuclei with a granulated cytoplasm: granules contain peroxidases (toxin)
  • motile phagocytic cells: migrate from the blood into tissues
  • play a role in defence against the parasitic organism: in the GI respiratory and genito-urinary tracts
  • Express FceRI when activated
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9
Q

Describe the physiology and biology of Neutrophils

A
  • polymorphonuclear cells
  • multilobed nucleus
  • found in the blood: makeup 60% of circulating leukocytes
  • short lifespan: 8hr- 4days
  • release myeloperoxidase and ROS
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10
Q

What is ROS and what does it do?

A

Reactant Oxygen Species

  • oxygen-containing molecules that have an extra, highly reactive electron ( O2-)
  • oxygen radicals donate their electrons to other nearby molecules at random and can damage macromolecules in a random way
  • not a specific mechanism and can damage nearby molecules of the host
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11
Q

Describe the physiology and biology of Monocytes

A
  • kidney-shaped nucleus
  • there is a reservoir of monocytes in the spleen
  • circulate the bloodstream where they are enlarge
  • migrate into tissue approx. 1 day after release from the bone marrow
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12
Q

Describe the physiology and biology of Macrophages

A
  • they are tissue-specific:
  • 5-10x larger than monocytes: contain more organelles as well e.g lysosomes
  • lifespan is months to years
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13
Q

What is the primary response of leukocytes in bacterial infection?

A
  • increase in neutrophils
  • increase in monocytes in a chronic infection
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14
Q

What is the primary response of leukocytes in viral infection?

A
  • increase in lymphocytes; sometimes an increase in monocytes
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15
Q

What is the primary response of leukocytes in parasite infection?

A
  • increase in eosinophils + activation of mast cells
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16
Q

What is the primary response of leukocytes in a fungal infection?

A
  • increase in monocytes
17
Q

What is the primary response of leukocytes in allergy?

A
  • increase in basophils
  • activation of mast cells
  • increase of eosinophils in the chronic phase
18
Q

What are the three areas of pathogenesis in Atherosclerosis?

A
  • Dysregulation of lipid metabolism (cholesterol)
  • Endothelial cell dysfunction
  • Inflammation: mediated by monocytes and macrophages
19
Q

What are key indicators of Acute inflammation?

A
  • develops within minutes
  • predominantly mediated by neutrophils
  • resolves once the stimulus is removed
  • lasts for hours or days
20
Q

What are key indicators of Chronic inflammation

A
  • predominantly mediated by mononuclear cells; macrophages,lymphocytes
  • tissue destruction
  • attempts at healing (fibrosis)
21
Q

What is MCP-1?

A
  • Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
  • aka CCL-2
  • this is a chemokine, whose function is to attract leukocytes; in this case monocytes would be attracted
22
Q

What are the two types of contact between the endothelium and circulating cells?

A

Initial Contact

  • P-selectin and E-selectin on endothelium recognized by oligosaccharides on leukocytes

Tighter adhesion

  • intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on the endothelium recognised by integrins on leukocytes
23
Q

What are the Adhesion molecules on the surface of the endothelium for Transient Initial Contact?

A
  • P- selectin binds to PSGL-1, sialyl-Lewisx
  • E-selectin binds to sialyl-Lewisx​
24
Q

Explain the platelet monocyte interaction

A
  • platelets bound to the endothelium express P-selectin and other endothelial ligands
  • monocytes with complementary proteins, PSGL- 1 and MAC-1 bind to the platelet
  • this activates the monocyte –> inflammation of the monocyte
25
Q

Explain the activation of macrophages by pathogens.

What do the macrophages release when they are activated?

A
  • activated macrophages also release proinflammatory cytokines:
  • IL-1ß, TNF-alpha, IL-6
26
Q

How do phagocytes recognise what to ingest?

A

Through pattern-recognition receptors such as:

  • Macrophage mannose receptor
  • Scavenger receptors
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
27
Q

What is/are the corresponding ligand(s) to scavenger receptors?

A
  • anionic polymers
  • acetylated and oxidised LDL
28
Q

What is/are the corresponding ligand(s) to macrophage mannose receptors?

A
  • conserved carbohydrate structures
29
Q

What is/are the corresponding ligand(s) to Toll-like receptors (TLRs)? (trick)

A
  • there is a range of them
30
Q

What WBCs are known as phagocytes?

A
  • Mononuclear
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
31
Q

What WBCs are known as lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • Large granular lymphocytes
32
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • these are proteins or glycoproteins with a low molecular weight
  • that act as messenger molecules in the immune system
  • primarily secreted by WBCs
  • assist in regulating the development of immune effector cells
  • they generally act locally: paracrine signalling
33
Q

Explain the process of recruitment of monocytes at the site of inflammation

A
34
Q

What are the Adhesion molecules on the surface of the endothelium for Tighter binding

A

- ICAM-1 (CD54): binds to LFA-1, Mac1

- ICAM-2 (CD102): binds toMac1

  • VCAM-1 (CD106): binds to VLA-4

LFA-1 – Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1

VLA-4 – Very Late Antigen-4 (Integrin alpha4beta1)

VCAM-1 – Vascular cell adhesion molecule

35
Q

What does VCAM-1 – Vascular cell adhesion molecule do and where is it expressed?

A
  • it binds monocytes and lymphocytes to activated cell endothelium
  • expressed by endothelium over nascent fatty streaks
  • expressed by microvessels of the mature atheroma

103: Theme 2 (8 decks)

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