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Blood and defence > White blood cells > Flashcards

White blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the granulocytes (in order of abundance)?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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2
Q

What are the different mononuclear cells (in order of abundance)?

A

T cell, Monocyte, B cell, NK cells

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3
Q

Are granulocytes or mononuclear cells more dense?

A

Granulocytes

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4
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes?

A

T, B and NK cells

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5
Q

What is lymphocytes role?

A

Underpin adaptive immunity, act with Igs and complement to instigate immunity.

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6
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Innate immune response

Contribute to inflammatory process

Actively ingest invading pathogens

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7
Q

What are the cell types in the innate response?

A

Monocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils

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8
Q

Describe how chromosomal material is packed in neutrophils

A

2-5 distinct lobes hence polymorphonuclear leucocytes

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9
Q

Describe staining patterns of neutrophils

A

Don’t stain with eosin or basic dye

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10
Q

How long do neutrophils live for?

A

Roughly 10 hours

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11
Q

What are neutrophils cleared by?

A

Macrophages

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12
Q

Are neutrophils antigen presenting?

A

No

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13
Q

How are neutrophils effector cells?

A

Identify, phagocytose and kill microorganisms especially bacteria

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14
Q

Distinguish between macrophages and neutrophils

A

Macrophages are not blood cells. Neutrophils are first attracted to a site and they proliferate before being phagocytosed by macrophages. Then macrophages dominate infected sites

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15
Q

What are neutrophils sensitive to?

A

Chemotactic factors from bacteria attracting them to infection site

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16
Q

What is pus?

A

Accumulation of WBCs (esp neutrophils), dead pathogens, cellular debris from collateral damage to host cell

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17
Q

Describe how neutrophils arise

A

From myeloid cells via granulocyte stem cells

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18
Q

Describe cytoplasm of neutrophil

A

Packed with granules and lysosomes

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19
Q

What do secondary granules in neutrophils contain?

A

Contain enzymes (e.g. collagenase) that lyse cells and digest their contents or deprive them of iron

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20
Q

What do granules in neutrophils release their contents into?

A

Phagolysosome

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21
Q

What does primary granule do?

A

Contains enzymes that generate toxic oxidative species e.g. hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

Describe staining pattern of eosinophils?

A

Stain orange pink with eosin (abundant basic protien)

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23
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Increased production in chronic allergic conditions (e.g. asthma: degranulation these cells target bronchi causing wheezing) or parasitic infection (e.g. hookworm) - may protect against damaging effects of long-standing allergic reactions

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24
Q

What do eosinophils passively absorb, why?

A

IgE to give them receptors to recognise specific antigen

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25
Q

What are exocytosed substances in eosinophils stored in?

A

Large, dense, ovoid granules

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26
Q

Describe structure of eosinophils

A

Similar to neutrophil but larger with 2-3 lobed nucleus

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27
Q

What are basophils homologues to?

A

Homologues in blood of mast cells in tissue

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28
Q

Where are basophils rarely found?

A

Peripheral blood (they enter blood and tissues and become mast cells)

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29
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Recruit other inflammatory cells to site of infectoin

release histamine which increases blood flow and vascular permeability (e.g. in allergic reaction)

30
Q

Describe appearance of basophil(microscope)

A

Basophils nuclei obscured when stained

Packed with histamine (vasoactive) and heparin granules which obscure nuclei

31
Q

What do basophils stain with?

A

Basic dye

32
Q

What do basophils produce on activation?

A

Interleukins IL4 and IL13

33
Q

Describe the appearance of monocytes

A

No obvious granules, nucleus kidney shaped

34
Q

What are monocytes precursors of?

A

Macrophages in inflamed tissue

35
Q

What are monocytes derived from?

A

Myeloid cells, they circulate in blood in quiescent form

36
Q

What are the different sort of macrophages that monocytes can form?

A

Resident macrophages (e.g. Kupffer cells in liver)

Alveolar macrophages in the lung

Langerhan’s cell in skin, freshly migrate from blood

37
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytose and kill organisms

Remove tissue debris (e.g. collagenase) allowing effective repair

Involved in homeostasis and remodelling (phagocytose apoptopic bodies)

38
Q

What are natural killer cells derived from?

A

Lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow

39
Q

What do natural killer cells contain?

A

Scattered granules

40
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

Immune surveillance: patrol body for missing cell surface molecules, can destroy cells that are infected by viruses or are cancerous

41
Q

Describe granules in lymphocytes

A

Not obvious

42
Q

What are the two branches of adaptive immunity? Compare them.

A

Humoral (antibody mediated):

  • Initiated by B cells
  • B cells respond, amplify in numbers then develop to antibody forming plasma cells
  • B cells need T cells help to make antibody

Cell mediated

  • T cells
  • Defence against intracellular invaders (e.g. killer T cells)
43
Q

What are lymphocytes induced by?

A

Antigen presenting cells in secondary lymphoid tissue

44
Q

How do different lymphocytes differentiate?

A

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into lymphoid stem cells in response to inflammatory mediators and GFs whose release is stimulated by infection.

Lymphoid stem cells differentiate to B cells, NK, T cells

45
Q

What do B cells mature into?

A

Antibody producing cells (plasma cells)

46
Q

What are the different roles of T cells?

A

Distinguish between healthy self cells and foreign/diseased cells.

Helper T cells (cd4): help B cells produce antibodies
Killer T cells (cd8): kill cells e.g. infected by viruses
Regulatory T cell: regulate immune response

47
Q

What is the role of B cells?

A

Undergo clonal selection and mature into antibody producing plasma cells
mediate humoral response of adaptive immunity

48
Q

Where do lymphoid cells differentiate into B cells and T cells?

A

B cells: bone marrow

T cells: thymus

49
Q

What do mature lymphocytes gravitate to apart from blood and migrating into tissue?

A

Gravitate via lymphatic system to secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches and spleen)

50
Q

What happens when mature lymphocytes reach secondary lymphoid organs?

A

They encounter antigen presenting cell and proliferate so generate more lymphocytes, hence localised swelling of nodes during infection.

51
Q

How are phagocytes derived?

A

Haemopoietic stem cell differentiate to myeloid progenitor cell

Myeloid stem cell fate determined by abundance of granuloyte, monocyte etc

52
Q

What are features of small lymphocytes (memory cells)?

A

Quiescent, non dividing, awaiting activation by antigen

53
Q

What do small lymphocytes do?

A

Monitor tissues for antigens, recirculate continously through tissues by migration through post capillary venules and via tissue fluid, lymphatics, lymph nodes and back into blood.

Respond to specific antigens from antigen presenting cells, then numbers expand after stimulation

54
Q

What do stem cells in adult red bone marrow do?

A

Self renew

55
Q

What are similarities and difference between basophil and mast cells?

A

Mast cells in connective tissue, basophil in blood.

Basophil nuclei lobed, mast cell nuclei round.

Both contain histamine and heparin granules.

Basophil can be recruited from blood into tissue when needed.

Fc region of immunoglobulin E (IgE) becomes bound to mast cells and basophil facilitates histamine release

56
Q

How do T cells activate B cells?

A

Bind to antigen processed by macrophage

Then release cytokines

57
Q

What is the conc of cells per litre of leucocytes?

A

7 x 10^9

58
Q

What percentage of WBCs are basophils?

A

<1%

59
Q

What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils?

A

40-70%

60
Q

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

20-40%

61
Q

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

3%

62
Q

What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?

A

6%

63
Q

A cell of the blood that gives rise through migration to macrophages…

A

Monocyte

64
Q

What do neutrophils do at sites of inflammation?

A

Adhere to endothelium at sites of inflammation

65
Q

What is a leucocyte?

A

A white (blood) cell.

There are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes

66
Q

What is the nuclei of small lymphocytes like?

A

Dark - heterochromatic

67
Q

Neutrophil granulocyte size?

A

Diameter about 15µm

68
Q

Do neutrophil granules contain mainly histamine?

A

No

69
Q

How to measure neutrophil turnover in vivo?

A

Label them with DFP

70
Q

What is ~ neutrophil turnover?

A

1.5 x 10^9 cells/kg/day,

Blood and defence (5 decks)

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