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White blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name fro white blood cells?

A

Leucocyte

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells?

A

GRANULOCYTES-neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils - have granuales in their cytoplasm which release agents to kill MOs MONOCYTES- can differentiate into macrophages

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3
Q

What causes the reproduction and survival of myeloid cells?

A

MYELOID GROWTH FACTORS: -G-CSF-granulocyte colony stimulating factor(encourgaes the production of granulocytes) -M-CSF-macrophage colony stimulating factor(encourages the production of monocytes then macrophages) -GM-CSF- granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(stimulates production of all)

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4
Q

What is the name for the production of granulocytes?

A

granulopoiesis

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5
Q

What are the meanings of the names of the granulocytes ?

A

Basophil-takes up BASic dyes(alkaline) Eosinophil-takes up dye called EOSIN Neutrophil-takes up BASIC and ACIDIC dyes in a neutral way

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6
Q

Where do neutrophils work and what is the exception?

A

-usually in tissues -if bacteria is circulating the blood(bacterimia) the neutrophil will enter blood to phagocytose them but they can only survive 7-10 hours in the blood so then they return to the tissues

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7
Q

What does a neutrophil look like?

A

Has a SEGMENTED NUCLEUS(lobulated)

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8
Q

What is the job of a neutrophil?

A

to phagocytose and kill microorganisms

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9
Q

How do neutrophils leave the blood stream and enter tissue?

A

1-CHEMOTAXIS-cytokines released by tissues to attract neutrophils 2-STICK-neutrophils become marginated in vessel lumen and stick to the endothelium 3-ROLL-Neutrophils roll on endothelial then come out of a capillary wall via a process called DIAPODIESIS 4-MIGRATE- they migrate in the tissues and phagocytose any bad bacteria/dead tissue

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10
Q

What is the appearence of the eosinophil?

A

-Large RED/ORANGE granuales

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11
Q

What is the function of the eosinophil?

A

defense against PASASITE infection

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12
Q

What is the appearance of a basophil?

A

-highly granulated

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13
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

Granuales contain: ANTICOAGULANTS-HEPARIN and HISTAMINE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES-break down tissues -is involved in IMMUNE RESPONSE and INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES

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14
Q

What is the role of a monocyte?

A

-ingest bacteria and presents the antigens on its surface to alert the lymphoid cells

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15
Q

Why do monocytes migrate into tissues?

A

to develop into macrophages

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16
Q

What is the function of the macrophage?

A

-phagocytic -store and release of iron that it gets when it ingests cells

17
Q

What happened to the iron ingested by the macrophages?

A

turned into storage iron-FERRATIN and HAEMOCYDRIN When needed it is exported to the bone marrow +uses to develop erythroblasts

18
Q

What are the 2 kinds of storage iron?

A

Ferratin haemocydrin

19
Q

What does a cytotoxic T-cell and natural killer cell have in its cytoplasm?

A

cytotoxic granuales

20
Q

What is a lymphocyes and where does it function?

A

a form of small leucocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus -mainly in the tissues but also recirculates to the LYMPH NODES and then reenter bloodstream. This is good because if they meet an antigen in one tissue +respond to it they can enter the circulation and respond more quickly to that antigen in other parts of the body

21
Q

What do B cells look like?

A

-bigger than small lymphocyte -half the cell is nucleus -next to the nucleus is paler area called the GOLGI ZONE where antibody is being produced in the ER

22
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A
  • means immune response is already present -the lymphocyte does not have had to encounter the antigen before in order to recognise it and respond to it
23
Q

What is leucocytosis and leucopenia?

A

leucocytosis-too many white cells : neutrophilia, lymphytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, basophilia Leucopenia-reduction in white blood cells from normal usually caused by neutropenia(reduction in neutrophils) as this is the majority of white blood cells

24
Q

What can be the causes of neutrophilia?

A

-infection -inflamation -infarction -other tissue damage -myeloproliferative neoplasms(chronic myeloid leukaemia) -pregnancy -vigourous excercise(because lots of neutrophils are stuck to the endothelium in the marginated pool of vessels but exercising pushes them into the flowing blood stream) -drugs e.g. corticosteroids

25
Q

What can accompany neutrophilia?

A

TOXIC CHANGES: -toxic granulation -vacuolation(development of vacuoles) -nucleus is in BAND FORM (like immature neutrophils) LEFT SHIFT: -things early in the sequence of neutrophil maturation are in the blood-neutrophil precursors -increase in NON-SEGEMENTED neutrophils known as band forms -may even see earlier versions

26
Q

What causes neutropenia?

A

Conditions-e.g chemotherapy and radiotherapy, autoimmune conditions, severe bacterial infections, viral infections, some drugs Ethnic origin-lower in african/ afro-caribbean ancestory

27
Q

What is the risk of neutropenia and what following actions should be taken?

A

serious infection -urgent treatment with IV antibiotics

28
Q

What is the lower limit for neutrophil volume in the blood?

A

0.5 x10^9/L

29
Q

What is the hyper-segmented neutrophil and what could this mean?

A

-increase in average number of neutrophil lobes -the normal is between 3-5 -sign of B12 and Folic acid defficiency

30
Q

What is lymphocytosis and what causes it?

A

-too many lymphocytes Due to: -viral infection -Leukaemia -bacterial infections like wooping cough causes it in children

31
Q

What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes?

A

B-cells T-cells Natural Killer Cells

32
Q

What causes lymphopenia?

A

-HIV infection -chemotherapy -Radiotherapy -Cortciosteroids -patients with severe infection

33
Q

What is monocytosis and what causes it?

A

-too many monocytes Due to: -infection -chronic inflammation -some types of leukaemia

34
Q

What causes Eosinphilia?

A

-allergic reaction-asthma, eczema, drugs -parasite infection -leukaemia

35
Q

What is basophilia caused by?

A

leukaemia or related condition

PoM (4 decks)

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