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Module 103: Theme 2 > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphoid Progenitors

A

Differentiate into B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and NKC (aka large granular lymphocyte)
Differentiate from pluripotent stem cells

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2
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Mature in thymus

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3
Q

Myeloid Progenitor cell

A

Differentiate into Erythroid CFU (colony forming unit), megakaryocytes, basophil CFU, eosinophil CFU, granulocyte monocyte CFU

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4
Q

Granulocyte - monocyte CFU

A

Differentiates into neutrophils and monocytes

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5
Q

Erythroid CFU differentiates into

A

Erythrocytes

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6
Q

Megakaryocytes differentiate into

A

platelets

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7
Q

Basophil CFU differentiate into

A

Basophils

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8
Q

Eosinophils CFU differentiates into

A

Eosinophils

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9
Q

Leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, large granular lymphocyte

Phagocytes: monocular phagocytes, neutrophil, eosinophil

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10
Q

Cells that produce inflammatory mediators

A

Basophils, mast cells, platelets

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11
Q

Tissue cells

A

Produce interferons and cytokines

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12
Q

Cytokines

A

Produced by T cells, large granular lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes
Low molecular weight
Act as messenger molecules of the immune system
Secreted by WBC
Assist in regulating the development of immune effector cells
Act locally (paracrine signalling)

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13
Q

Monocular phagocytes

A

Complement the immune system and produce cytokines

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14
Q

B cells

A

Produce antibodies

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15
Q

Auxillary cells

A

Mast cells and platelets are important in the inflammatory response
Drawn to site of tissue injury or invasion

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16
Q

Mast cells

A

Located: tissues only
Release granules containing histamine that affects vascular permeability
Prominent in mucosal and epithelial tissue
Express: FceRI that binds to IgE

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17
Q

RBC adult count
Platelet count
Leukocyte count

A

5 * 10^6

  1. 5 * 10^5
  2. 3 * 10^3
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18
Q

Percentage of neutrophils

A

50-70%

60% of circulating leukocytes

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19
Q

Percentage of lymphocytes

A

20-40%

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20
Q

Percentage of circulating monocytes

A

3-10%

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21
Q

Percentage of circulating basophils

A

<1%

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22
Q

B + T

A

Antigen specific, NKC no antigen specific receptors

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23
Q

Basophils

A

Non -phagocytic
Lobed nuceli, heavily granulated
Function: Release pharmacologically active substances from cytoplasmic granules
Recruited to site of allergic reaction or ectoparasite infection
Express FcERI
Allergen bind to allergen specific IgE bound to the cell surface of basophils causing degranulation of effector mediators

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24
Q

Effector mediators produced by basophils

A

Histamine: increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

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25
Q

FcERI

A

Cell surface receptor that binds to the Fc region of IgE so that IgE is tethered to the surface of the basophil where it can then bind to allergens

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26
Q

Eosinophils

A

Have bi-lobed and granulated cytoplasm
Mobile phagocytic cells that can migrate from the blood into the tissues
Play a role in defence against parasitic organisms
Located in tissues
Express FcERI upon activation
Granules in eosinophils contain toxins and peroxidases
Attack parasites in GI, resp and genitourinary tracts

27
Q

Neutrophils

A

Multilobed nucleus
Found in the blood
Rapidly recruited to sites of infection/injury
First responders to infection
Numbers increase during bacterial infection

28
Q

Monocytes

A

Kidney shaped nucleus
Reservoir of monocytes in spleen
Circulate in bloodstream where they enlarge
Migrate to tissues approx. 8 hours after released from bone marrow
Precursors to macrophages
Blood-bourne phagocytes

29
Q

Macrophages

A

Found in tissues
5-10 fold larger than monocytes
Contains many more organelles compared to monocytes

30
Q

Bacterial infection causes

A

Increased neutrophils and increased monocytes in chronic infection

31
Q

Viral infection causes

A

increased lymphocytes, sometimes increased monocytes

32
Q

Parasite infection causes

A

Increased eosinophils + activation of mast cells

33
Q

Fungal infections causes

A

Increased monocytes

34
Q

Allergy causes

A

increased basophils and activation of mast cells

increased eosinophils in chronic phase

35
Q

Ares of atherosclerotic pathogenesis (3)

A

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism
Endothelial cell dysfunction
Inflammation

36
Q

Inflammation

A

A response of vascularised tissue to infections and damaged tissue
Characterised by heat, redness, pain and swelling

37
Q

Purpose of inflammation

A

Brings cells and molecules involved in host defence and repair to the site of infection/injury

38
Q

Components of inflammatory response

A

Blood vessels, phagocytic leukocytes, plasma proteins

39
Q

Acute inflammation

A 
Initial rapid response 
Develops within minutes 
Lasts hours/days 
Predominantly mediated by neutrophils 
Resolves once stimulus is removed
40
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Lasts weeks/months
Predominantly mediated by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes)Tissue destruction
Attempts at healing (fibrosis)

41
Q

Overview of inflammatory response (5)

A
  1. Blood vessels dilate
  2. Blood vessels become more permeable
  3. Circulating leukocytes migrate into tissue
  4. Leukocytes are activated
  5. Activated leukocytes destroy microbes and unwanted material
42
Q

Chemokines

A

Type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis in local responsive cells
Function: attractants for leukocytes, recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to the site of infection

43
Q

Important monocyte chemokine

A

Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 - aka CCL2

44
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement of cells in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

45
Q

Stages of recruitment of monocytes to the site of inflammation

A

Bind to adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium near sites of infection and gets chemokine signal
Migrates into surrounding tissue
Differentiates into a macrophage +migrate to infection site

46
Q

Cell adhesion to endothelium

A

2 types of contact between endothelium and circulating cells : Initial contact and tighter adhesion

Adhering monocytes are stimulated by MCP-1 to cross the endothelium and lodge in intima

47
Q

Initial contact (Cell adhesion to endothelium)

A

P and E selectin on endothelium recognised by oligosaccharides on leukocytes

48
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Sulfated sialyl-lewis^x

49
Q

Tighter adhesion (Cell adhesion to endothelium)

A

Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on the endothelium recognise integrins on leukocytes

50
Q

ICAM1

A

intercellular adhesion molecule

51
Q

VCAM1

A

Vascular cell adhesion molecule

52
Q

VLA

A

Very late antigen

53
Q

LFA

A

Lymphocyte function associated antigen

54
Q

Endothelium activation

A

Absolute requirement for inflammation

55
Q

How adherent/ activated platelets recruit and inflame monocytes

A

Release tissue factor, differentiate to macrophage, activate interleukins, adhere, chemotaxis, proteolysis

56
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Macrophage mannose receptors, scavenger receptors, toll like receptors

57
Q

Activation of phagocytic cells

A

Phagocytic cells can recognise, ingest and destroy many pathogens
These cells recognise by cell surface receptors that can discriminate between the surface molecules displayed by pathogens and host cells

58
Q

Activation of macrophages by pathogen

A

Macrophage expresses receptors for many bacterial constituents
Bacteria binding to macrophage receptors initiate the release of cytokines and small lipid mediators of inflammation
Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from activated macrophages, e.g. IL-1B, TNF -a, IL-6

59
Q

Macrophage mannose receptor ligand

A

Conserved carbohydrate structures

60
Q

Scavenger receptor ligands

A

Anionic polymers, acetylate and oxidised LDL

61
Q

Toll like receptors ligand

A

Range of ligands for various TLRs

62
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Macrophages and neutrophils produce a number of toxic products that help kill the engulfed microbe
Neutrophils are short-lived cells, dying soon after phagocytosing: dead and dying neutrophils are a major component of the pus that forms in some infections
Macrophages are long-lived and continue to generate new lysosomes
The microbicidal machinery of the phagocyte is in the organelles known as lysosomes. This compartmentalisation is necessary to protect the cell, but also to maintain an environment in which the molecules perform effectively

63
Q

Atherogenesis

A

Damage of endothelium and deposition of lipid:

  1. production of chemokines and cytokines
  2. Recruitment of monocytes
  3. Develop into macrophages/foam cells
  4. Potential exposure of collagen
  5. Platelet activation and coagulation

Module 103: Theme 2 (6 decks)

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