White Blood Cells Flashcards
Which white blood cells are produced from the common myeloid progenitor?
Granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
monocytes
What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?
Monocytes are in the blood whilst macrophages are in tissue
What are granulocytes?
multi-lobed, have granules, mature WBC
refers to neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
the granules contain agents essential for their microbicidal function
What is the growth factor for granulocytes, macrophages and granulocyte-macrophages?
G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor;
M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor;
GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
What does normal granulocyte maturation look like?
Myeloblast–> promyelocyte–> myelocyte–> metamyelocyte–> band form–> neutrophil (only the neutrophil is not in the bone marrow)
When does cell division occur/ not occur in the formation of a neutrophil?
occurs in myeloblast, promyelocyte and myelocyte
does not occur in metamyelocyte or band forms
How long do neutrophils survive in circulation?
7-10 hours
What is another word for segmented (nucleus)?
lobulated
What are the main functions of neutrophil granulocytes?
Chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing of phagocytosed bacteria following cytokine priming
What are the main functions of basophils granulocytes?
Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing of phagocytosed bacteria, medication of immediate type hypersensitivity, modulates inflammation responses by releasing heparin
What do the granules of basophils contain?
histamine and heparin, as well as proteolytic enzymes
What type of responses are basophils involved with?
Basophils are involved in a variety of immune and
inflammatory responses…
- Mediation of the immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction in which IgE-coated basophils release histamine and leukotrienes
- Modulation of inflammatory responses by releasing heparin and proteases
- Mast cells are similar to basophils, but reside in tissues rather than the circulation
What is the main functions of eosinophils?
Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing of phagocytosed bacteria, defense against parasitic infection
What do eosinophils play an important role in regulating of?
type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions: inactivate the histamine and leukotrienes released by basophils and mast cells
What is left shift?
there is an increase in non-segmented neutrophils or that there are neutrophil precursors in the blood
How many lobes is normal for a neutrophil?
3-5
What is it called when there are more than 5 lobes in a neutrophil
Hyper segmented neutrophil
What are the steps of chemotaxis?
MARDi MP
Migration Adhesion Rolling Diapediesis Migration Phagocytosis
What is diapedesis?
When white blood cells migrate across the blood vessel wall
How many lobes do eosinophils contains?
2
How do you identify basophils?
They have many granules in their cytoplasm
How are myeloid stem cells related to monocytes?
they give rise to monocyte precursors and thence monocytes
What do monocytes do?
- phagocytosis of micro-organisms covered with antibody and complement
- phagocytosis of bacteria/fungi
- antigen presentation to lymphoid and other
immune cells
How are macrophages formed?
when monocytes migrate to tissues, they then develop into macrophages (aka histiocytes)
How are macrophages related to iron?
They store and release iron
What white blood cells derive from the common lymphoid progenitor?
T cell, B cells and NK cells
What is the lifespan and lymphocytes and what is their path around the body?
Lymphocytes re-circulate to lymph nodes and other tissues and then back to the blood stream
Intravascular life span is very variable
Where do B lymphcytes originate from?
foetal liver and bone marrow
How do B lymphocytes develop/ mature?
Involves Ig heavy and light chain gene rearragement
This leads to production of surface Igs against many different antigens: humoral immunity
Subsequent maturation requires exposure to antigens in lymphoid tissue e.g., lymph nodes
This results in recognition of non-self antigens by mature B cell and production of specific Igs and antibodies
Maturation into plasma cells which produce antibodies
What do B plasma lymphocytes produce?
Antibodies
How are T lymphocytes formed?
Lymphocyte progenitors migrate from foetal liver to the thymus leading to development of T lymphocytes
What type of immunity are T lymphocytes involved in?
cell-mediated immunity
What do NK Cells do?
Part of innate immunity - kill tumour and virus infected cells
What are these WBCs?
What is leukocytosis?
To many white blood cells of any type
What does transient leukocytosis suggest?
a reactive (I.e., secondary) cause
when does transient leukocytosis occur?
when a normal or healthy bone marrow responds to an external stimulus such as infection, inflammation or infarction
What does neutrophilia/ monocytosis suggest?
bacterial infection
What does lymphocytosis suggest?
viral infection
What does eosinophilia suggest?
parasitic infection
What is meant by neutrophilia, basophilia and eosinophilia?
Too many of each type of white blood cell