Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POM 1a - Haematology > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Where do white blood cells originate form?

A

Multi potent Haemopoietic stem cell —> myeloid
—> lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do granulocytes refer to?

A

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are granulocytes called granulocytes?

A

Granules present in the cytoplasm

Con takin agents essential for their microbial function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What growth factors are essential for the proliferation ands survival of myeloid cells?

A

G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor

GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what stage of maturation does cell division not occur?

A

Metamyelocytes

Band forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main function of a neutrophil?

A

Defence against infection
—> phagocytoses and then kills micro-organisms

Granules contain enzymes that kill micro-organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the nucleus like in a mature neutrophil?

A

Segmented (lobulated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms for phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils?

A

Superoxide dependent mechanism
—> release oxygen species called respiratory burst
—> provides substrate for myeloperoxidase
—> leads to production of toxic acidic substances

Oxygen independent mechanism
—> variety of anti-microbial against are released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

First step of neutrophil migration
- neutrophil marginated in the vessel lumen
- adhere to endothelium and migrate into tissues

Phagocytosis of pathogens occurs following cytokine priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of an eosinophil?

A

Main function in défense against parasitic infection

Important in the regulation if Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
—> inactivate the histamine and leukotrienes released by basophils and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of nucleus do eosinophils have?

A

Bilobed nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

Variety of immune and inflammatory responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain?

A

Histamine

Heparin

Protéolytique enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the key roles of monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis of micro-organisms covered with antibody and complement

Phagocytosis of bacteria/fungi

Antigen presentation to lymphoid and other immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do monocytes develop into?

A

Macrophages

They store and release iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the lymphoid stem cell give rise to?

A

T cells

B cells

Natural killer cells (NK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do lymphocytes go once made?

A

Recirculate to lymph nodes and other tissues and then back to the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do B lymphocytes originate?

A

Foetal liver

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do B lymphocytes mature?

A

Requires exposure to antigens in lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

Involved in humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do T cells develop?

A

Lymphocyte progenitors migrate from feral liver to the thymus
—> lead to development of T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

Involved in cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Part of innate immune system

Kill tumour cells and virus-infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What abnormalities can occur in white cells?

A

Numerical

Morphological

Both

25
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Too many white cells

26
Q

What is transient leukocytosis?

A

Leukocytosis frequently found in association with infection

27
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Too many neutrophils

28
Q

What causes neutrophilia?

A

Infection

Inflammation

Infarction/tissue damage

Myeloproliferative disorders

Pregnancy

Following exercise —> rapid shift of neutrophils from
marginated pool to circulating pool

After using corticosteroids

29
Q

What may neutrophilia be accompanied with?

A

Toxic change

Left shift

30
Q

What is left shift?

A

Increase in non-segmented neutrophils

Or

Neutrophils precursors in blood that should normally be in bone marrow

31
Q

What does left shift reflect?

A

Increased neutrophil production
—> increased output from bone marrow
—> churning out more immature versions of neutrophils

32
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Too many eosinophils

33
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A

Usually due to:

allergy/parasitic infection

asthma/eczema/drugs

34
Q

What is basophilia?

A

Too many basophils

35
Q

What causes basophilia?

A

Usually due to leukaemia as it’s uncommon

36
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Too many lymphocytes

37
Q

What causes lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infections in transient leukocytosis

Lymphoproliferative disorder in persistent leukocytosis

Whooping cough in children

38
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

Too many monocytes

39
Q

What causes monocytosis?

A

Infection

Chronic inflammation

Some leukaemia types

40
Q

What is persistent leukocytosis?

A

Leukocytosis that may be caused by leukaemia

41
Q

What is Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)?

A

Increase in all granulocytes ans their precursors in both blood and bone marrow

42
Q

What does CML result from?

A

Translocation between chromosome 9 and22 ina single HSC
—> give rose to many mutated cells
—> hence CML through colonial expansion

43
Q

What is the abnormally short chromosome 22 in CML called?

A

Philadelphia chromosome

44
Q

What symptoms can CML cause?

A

Enlarged spleen

45
Q

How can CML be treated?

A

Tyrosine inhibitors —> inhibit uncontrolled division

46
Q

What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)?

A

Lymphoproliferative disorder

47
Q

What are the characteristics of CLL?

A

Squashed ‘smear’ or ‘smudge’ lymphocytes

48
Q

How can we determine the cause of lymphocytosis?

A

Characterising the profile of cell surface markers expressed by lymphocytes

49
Q

What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia?

A

Increase in very immature cells (lymphoblasts) with failure of these to develop into lymphocytes

50
Q

How is ALL caused?

A

Bone marrow is infiltrated by lymphoblasts
—> results in impaired heamopoiesis
—> lymphoblasts circulate in the peripheral blood

51
Q

What are the haematological features of ALL?

A

Leukocytosis of lymphoblasts

Anaemia —> suppression of normal haemopoiesis

Neutropenia

Thrombocytopenia —> low platelet count

Replacement of normal bone marrow cells by lymphoblasts

52
Q

What are clinical features of ALL?

A

Prominent bruising due to thrombocytopenia

Pale skin as a result of anaemia

53
Q

Treatment of ALL?

A

Supportive therapy where there’s anaemia + thrombocytopenia and infection susceptibility:
- red cell transfusions
- platelet transfusions
- antibiotics

Systemic chemotherapy —> through the body

Intrathecal chemotherapy —> through spine
—> sanctuary for lymphocytes

54
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Reduction in total number of white cells

55
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Too few neutrophils

56
Q

What causes neutropenia?

A

Chemo/radiotherapy —> suppresses bone marrow activity

Autoimmune disorders

Physiological stuff —> ethnic heritage

57
Q

What is lymphopenia?

A

Too few lymphocytes

58
Q

What causes lymphopenia?

A

HIV infection

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

Corticosteroids

Severe infection may develop transient low lymphocyte count

POM 1a - Haematology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions