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1.2 POM Haematology > White Blood Cell Diseases > Flashcards

White Blood Cell Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is a smudge cell?

A

Broken and spilling out lymphocyte

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2
Q

How can CLL be indicated on a blood film?

A

Smudge cells

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3
Q

How can ALL be indicated on blood film? (2)

A
  1. Lymphoblasts
  2. Pancytopenia (erythropenia + leukopenia + thrombocytopenia)
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4
Q

Where do lymphadenopathies present in ALL? (3)

A
  1. Neck/cervical
  2. Axillae (armpits)
  3. Groin
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5
Q

What does ALL cause the swelling of? (4)

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Liver —> hepatomegaly
  3. Spleen —> splenomegaly
  4. Testicles
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6
Q

How can the bone marrow be tested for leukaemia?

A

Aspirate —> bone marrow test

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7
Q

How can leukaemia be identified by a bone marrow aspirate?

A

Normal bone marrow cells replaced by lymphoblasts

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8
Q

Which 2 types of genetic tests are done when a patient has ALL and why?

A
  1. Cytogenic
  2. Molecular
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9
Q

What indicates good ALL prognosis on a cytogenic/molecular genetic analysis?

A

Hyperploidy

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10
Q

What indicates poor ALL prognosis on a cytogenic/molecular genetic analysis?

A

Translocation - t(4;11)

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11
Q

How can ALL be treated? (4)

A
  1. Blood transfusion (erythrocytes and platelets)
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Systemic chemotherapy
  4. Intrathecal chemotherapy (around spinal cord)
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12
Q

Which gene mutation causes CML and why?

A

BCR-ABL1
- BCR on chromosome 22 (Philadelphia) fuses with ABL1 on chromosome 9
- encodes protein with uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity —> leukaemic clone

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13
Q

How is CML treated?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

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14
Q

How can CML be indicated on a blood film?

A

Left shift (myelocytes present)

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15
Q

How can AML be indicated on a blood film? (3)

A
  1. Myeloblasts
  2. Pancytopenia (erythropenia + leukopenia + thrombocytopenia)
  3. Nucleated erythrocytes
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16
Q

What are the 6 important white blood cell diseases?

A
  1. Acute bacterial infections
  2. Viral infections eg. mononucleosis
  3. ALL
  4. AML
  5. CLL
  6. CML
17
Q

How can acute bacterial infections be indicated on a FBC?

A
  1. Neutrophilia
  2. Monocytosis
  3. Eosinophilia
18
Q

How can acute bacterial infections be indicated on a blood film?

A

Neutrophils with toxic granulation

19
Q

How can mononucleosis infections be indicated on a FBC?

A

Lymphocytosis

20
Q

How can mononucleosis infections be indicated on a blood film?

A
  1. Lymphocytes with basophilic (blue) cytoplasm
  2. Lymphocytes with scalloped margins
  3. Lymphocytes ‘hug’ surround erythrocytes
21
Q

How can ALL be indicated on a FBC? (3)

A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Anaemia
  3. Thrombocytopenia
22
Q

How can CLL be indicated on a FBC?

A

Lymphocytosis

23
Q

How can CML be indicated on a FBC? (3)

A
  1. Neutrophilia
  2. Basophilia
  3. Eosinphilia

1.2 POM Haematology (7 decks)

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