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Neuroscience: Science Of The Brain > When Things Go Wrong > Flashcards

When Things Go Wrong Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the symptoms of a seizure?

A

A person loses consciousness and may fall to the ground, become stiff and shake

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2
Q

What happens during a seizure?

A

There is an increase in the firing of action potentials by neurons followed by a period of reduced excitability

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3
Q

What is the cyclical process of a seizure modulated by?

A

Inhibitory (GABA) and excitatory (glutamate) neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What is seizure triggered by?

A

When the reduction in excitatory is incomplete, seizures may be triggered by uncontrolled recruitment of neighbouring neurons

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5
Q

When is a seizure partial?

A

When the recruitment of neighbouring neurons is localized

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6
Q

When is the seizure generalised?

A

When the recruitment of neighbouring neurons spread to the entire cortex

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7
Q

What is the EEG like during a generalised seizure?

A

Normal alpha rhythm of the EEG is replaced by large, slow, synchronous waves of electrical activity in both cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Recurring seizures

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9
Q

What is the treatment for epilepsy like?

A
  1. Drugs that dampen down abnormal seizure activity without damping down normal brain activity
  2. Use brain imaging to localise source of seizures accurately and for neurosurgeon to cut out this brain tissue
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10
Q

What is meninges?

A

Lining of the brain

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A

Fever, headache, neck stiffness, confusion, vomiting, rash for some cases of meningitis like those caused by meningococcal disease

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of migraine?

A

Feel sick, find bright lights or noises discomforting, experience migrainous aura consisting of flashing lights or jagged lines

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13
Q

Do migrainous aura come before or after the headache?

A

Before

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14
Q

Which part of the brain does migraine start?

A

The part that processes pain sensations coming from cerebral blood vessels

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15
Q

What causes symptoms like flashing lights in migraine?

A

Thee is increase activity in regions that process pain sensations that cause an increase in local blood supply

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16
Q

What causes the temporary weakness in migraines?

A

After the brief increase in local blood supply, it is immediately followed by reduced blood flow

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17
Q

What drugs that effective at stopping migraine headaches?

A

Triptans

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18
Q

How do triptans work?

A

They activate a particular group of serotonin receptors

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19
Q

What causes stroke?

A

Interruption of energy supply that the brain needs to function

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20
Q

How are fuels delivered to neurons and gila?

A

Through the four major blood vessels that supply the brain

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21
Q

What are the raw materials to make ATP?

A

Oxygen and carbohydrate in the form of glucose

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22
Q

What is energy provided used to do?

A

Driving the flow of charged ions that underlie the electrical activity of neurons, about two thirds of a neuron’s energy is used to fuel an enzyme called Sodium/ Potassium ATPase which recharges the ionic gradients of sodium and potassium after an action potential has occurred

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23
Q

What happens during a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)?

A

Blood supply to a part of the brain fails and the supply of ATP is interrupted, neurons cannot recharge their ionic gradients and can no longer conduct action potentials

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24
Q

How long does TIA last?

A

Typically last few minutes and under 24h

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25
Q

Does TIA cause permanent damage?

A

No

26
Q

How does TIA pass?

A

Obstruction passes quickly, neurons can make ATP again, recharge their membranes and normal function will resume

27
Q

What happens in the absence of ATP?

A

Cells cannot maintain homeostasis and they may swell up and burst, neurons may also spontaneously depolarise, releasing potentially toxic neurotransmitters such as glutamate and glial cells that mop up excess glutamate through ATP-dependent pump also stops working

28
Q

What are most strokes caused by?

A

Blood clots blocking vessels

29
Q

How to treat strokes caused by blood clots?

A

“clot-busting” drug called tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) that can break up clot and restore blood flow

30
Q

What is the condition where people have problem with fine control of movements that make them increasingly unsteady of their feet as years go by?

A

Spinocerebellar ataxia

31
Q

What is a neurodegenerative disease associated with abnormal involuntary movements of the body?

A

Huntington’s disease

32
Q

What is Huntington’s disease caused by?

A

Repeat mutation in one of the largest gene in the human genome called huntingtin

33
Q

What are some early onset forms of Parkinson’s disease caused by?

A

Problems in gene coding for Parkin

34
Q

What is a disease characterised by repeated episodes of weakness, numbness, double vision or poor balance that last for a few weeks before recovery?

A

Multiple sclerosis

35
Q

What is multiple sclerosis caused by?

A

Inflammation in the nervous system that flares up and settles down again

36
Q

What causes demyelination?

A

When immune system attacks the myelin that wraps around neurons, resulting in a local area of inflammation

37
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

When your body’s immune system mistakenly attacks your body

38
Q

What are the symptoms of demyelination?

A

Neurological deficits such as vision changes, weakness, altered sensations or behavioural and cognitive problems

39
Q

What is the relationship between demyelination, autoimmune disease and multiple sclerosis?

A

Multiple sclerosis is a type of memyelination is a type of autoimmune disease

40
Q

What can multiple sclerosis attacks be made shorter?

A

Through drugs like steroids that dampen down the immune system

41
Q

What are some treatment methods for patients with severe multiple sclerosis?

A

Permanently dampening down certain parts of immune system with drugs like azathioprine or beta interferon

42
Q

What causes myasthenia gravis?

A

Immune system attacking junctions where nerves connect with muscles

43
Q

What causes Guillaume Barre syndrome?

A

Immune system attacking the nerves as they emerge from the spinal cord

44
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease a form of?

A

Dementia

45
Q

What happens as Alzheimer’s disease develop?

A

Brain cells die, the cortex thins and ventricles enlarge

46
Q

How can Alzheimer’s disease be confirmed?

A

Post-mortem during microscopic examination of brain which reveals cell loss and widespread abnormal deposition of an amyloid protein in scattered small degenerating amyloid plagues and fibrillary tangles

47
Q

What are fibrillary tangles?

A

Tangled mess of rod-like proteins that are normal constituents of brain cells

48
Q

What genetic factors can increase the risk of getting Alzheimer’s?

A

Mutations in genes that encode amyloid precursor protein and presenilins and inheritance of a particular variation of apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene, apoE-4

49
Q

What does amyloid precursor protein do?

A

Where amyloid is made

50
Q

What do presenilins do?

A

Encode enzymes that break precursor protein down

51
Q

What has a modest treatment effect on Alzheimer’s?

A

Nerve cells utilising the chemical transmitter acetylcholine are particularly vulnerable to attack, drugs that block the effect of enzymes that destroy this neurotransmitter boosts the action of the remaining acetylcholine

52
Q

What are symptoms of depression?

A

Disturbed sleep, lowered appetite, failing concentration and memory and loss of interest in life

53
Q

What is the treatment for depression?

A

Antidepressants that enhance the effect of neuromodulatory transmitters such as serotonin and noradrenaline can treat the disease within weeks, psychological treatments can also be helpful

54
Q

What is the effect of being chronically stressed?

A

Unbalancing effect on the control of stress hormones like cortisol which when chronically activated can damage brain cells, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobe

55
Q

What has been found as an effect of antidepressant drugs?

A

They promote integrity of brain cells and increase the rate at which new neurons are produced in the hippocampus

56
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions and hallucinations

57
Q

What happens to a person’s brain when they have schizophrenia?

A

Ventricles of the brain enlarge and the activity of frontal lobes becomes impaired

58
Q

What is treatment is helpful in reducing the frequency and impact of schizophrenia symptoms?

A

Drugs that block dopamine receptors

59
Q

What is the result when the brain is activated with drugs like amphetamine?

A

It is possible to detect abnormalities in the release of dopamine

60
Q

What does post-mortem studies suggest about schizophrenia?

A

The way neurons have connected up during development may be abnormal and other neurotransmitter systems like glutamate may be malfunctioning

Neuroscience: Science Of The Brain (18 decks)

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