Whats In Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
What is the prefix of aldehydes
A
-al
2
Q
What is the prefix for ketones
A
-one
3
Q
What is the prefix for carboxylic acid
A
-oic acid
4
Q
What is the prefix for acid anhydride
A
-oic anhydride
5
Q
What is the prefix for Ester’s
A
-oate
6
Q
What is the prefix for ethers
A
-oxy-
7
Q
What is used in the process of oxidising ethanol to ethanal
A
Using powerful oxidising agent - acidified potassium dichromate (V)
Distillation
8
Q
How is an aldehyde oxidised into a carboxylic acid
A
Acidified potassium dichromate (V)
Reflux
9
Q
What happens to the colour of acidified potassium dichromate when oxidised
A
Turns from orange to purple (carboxylic acid)
10
Q
What is a primary alcohol
A
A carbon which an -OH group and two C-H bonds with one carbon chain -R
H
|
R - C - OH
|
H
11
Q
What is a secondary alcohol
A
One C-H bond on the carbon with one -OH and two carbon chains -R
H
|
R - C - OH
|
R
12
Q
What is a tertiary alcohol
A
Has no hydrogens attached to the carbon atom with the -OH group
R
|
R - C - OH
|
R
13
Q
How does -OH react with water
A
R-OH + H2O <=>R-O^- + H3O^+
Makes acidic H3O^+
14
Q
How does water react with itself to form an acidic solution
A
H-OH + H2O <=> H-O^- + H3O^+
Forms acidic solution
15
Q
What property does H^+(aq) ions and H3O^+ give
A
Make any solution acidic
Ions formed depends on stability of negatively charged ion
16
Q
What is the most acidic structure and why
A
RCOO^-
Is most stable as electrons are delocalised
pH3/4
17
Q
How acidic is phenol
A
Middle pH 6
Electrons are delocalised so quite stable
18
Q
What is the least acidic structure
A
R-O^-
No delocalisation, ions unstable
pH7
19
Q
What can react with strong bases(and an example) to form salts and water
A
Phenols and carboxylic acids are strong enough to react with strong bases e.g. Sodium hydroxide to form salts and water
20
Q
What is the test for carboxylic acids
A
Only one capable of reacting with carbonate to give salt, water and carbon dioxide
21
Q
Why doe phenols not react with carbonate
A
Not as high enough H^+(aq) concentration in phenol solution
22
Q
What is the test for phenol
A
Reaction with neutral iron (III) chloride solution (FeCl3) which is orange, shake them and turns purple
23
Q
What happens to the phenol when reacting with neutral iron (III) chloride solution
A
C=C-OH group (enol) forms complex ion with Fe^3+ ions in iron (III) chloride
24
Q
An example of esterification
A
Ethanoic acid react with ethanol if add few drops concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst to make ethyl ethanoate (ester)
25
What is the word equation for esterification
c.H2SO4
| Alcohol + carboxylic acid ----------> ester + water
26
What smell do Ester's have
Strong sweet
27
What esters are used as energy storage compounds and where are they used
Fats and oils
| In plants and animals
28
What is an acid anhydride
Derived from carboxylic acids
| More reactive than -COOH
29
Why are acid anhydrides used instead of carboxylic acids in esterification reactions
React completely with alcohol on warming, give much higher yield of ester
30
How can Ester's be formed using a carboxylic acid
| What type of reaction is it (other than esterification)
R acting with alcohol as C.H2SO4 as a catalyst
| Reversible reaction
31
In an esterification reaction that is reversible what is the forward reaction called
Esterification or condensation
32
In an esterification reaction that is reversible what is the backward reaction called
Ester hydrolysis (reaction with water)
33
What an replace alcohol in an esterification reaction
Phenol
34
What can replace carboxylic acid in an esterification and why are they better to use
Acyl chloride or acid anhydride
| They're more reactive and reaction occurs faster
35
Why can two different ester be made from salicylate acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid)
Depending if the -COOH or -OH group is esterified
36
What happens if the -COOH group in salicylic acid is esterified reacting with ethanoyl chloride
Forms aspirin
37
What happens if the -OH group in salicylic acid is esterified reacting with methanol
Forms oil of wintergreen
| Deep heat
38
What is the difference between aspirin and oil of wintergreen
Aspirin water soluble, absorbed in digestive system
| Oil of wintergreen is fat soluble, absorbed through skin
39
How can an alcohol be oxidised into a carboxylic acid
Alcohol distilled with acidified potassium dichromate (V) forming aldehyde
Then reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (V) to form carboxylic acid
40
What alcohol can form carboxylic acids
Primary
41
What alcohol can form ketones
Secondary
42
How is a ketone made from a secondary alcohol
Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (V)
43
Why are tertiary alcohols resistant to oxidation
No hydrogen atom attached to carbon atom that has -OH group attached
44
What conditions are used in labs for dehydration of alcohol
Concentrated sulfuric acid with 180 degrees
45
What conditions are used in dehydration of alcohols in industry
Aluminium oxide with 300 degrees
46
What type of reaction is dehydration of alcohol
Elimination reaction
47
What is the word equation of dehydration of alcohol
c.H2SO4/180degrees
Alcohol ----------------------> alkene
Al2O3/300degrees
48
What does distillation form
Aldehyde
49
What does reflux form
Carboxylic acid
50
How can haloalkanes be prepared
Reacting alcohol with a hydrogen halide in a nucleophilic reaction
51
When is an organic product in crude form
When organic solid product is synthesised as contains impurities
52
What is the process of separation
Removes any water soluble impurities
Reaction finished pour mis in separating funnel, add water
Shake and let layers settle. Organic layer less dense
Water soluble impurities dissolved in aqueous layer, open stopped to run off this
53
What is used to remove trace of water in product
Anhydrous salt e.g. Magnesium sulfate
54
How does filtration remove solid organic products
Pour mix into Buchner filter with filter paper, into sealed side arm flask attached to a vacuum line
Reduced pressure in flash causes vacuum kim removing air force liquid through funnel, leaning solid on filter paper
55
How does recrystallisation purify organic solvents
Desired compound dissolved j. Chosen hot solvent, leaving insoluble impurities to filter off
Cool product will crystallise out, leaving soluble impurities pure crystals to be filtered, washed and dried
56
What is thin layer chromatography used for
Separates small quantities of organic compounds, purify to check purity, follow progress of reaction over time
Suitable solvent used
Different organic compounds have different affinities for particular solvent, so carried through chromatography medium (plate) at different rates
Use silica plate is thin layer
57
Why is measuring melting point determination important
Indenture compound and its purity
Value obtained compared to published value
Pure compound should melt within 0.5 degrees of true melting point
58
What is green chemistry
Developing chemical products especially sustainable, environmentally friendly processes
59
What examples are there of green chemistry
```
Better atom economy
Prevention of waste product
Less hazardous chemicals
Design safer chemical products
Safer solvents
Lower energy use
Renewable feedstocks
Less reagents used / number steps
Catalyst
Degradation
Employ real time process monitoring
Safer chemical processes
```
60
How does a better atom economy effect green chemistry
More feedstock incorporated in product so less waste product
61
How does the prevention of waste product effect green chemistry
Better than treating and disposing waste
62
How does using less hazardous chemicals effect green chemistry
Less harmful
63
How does safer chemical products effect green chemistry
Less toxic products
64
How do safer solvents effect green chemistry
Minimise organic solvent use
65
How does a lower energy use effect green chemistry
Use lower temperature and pressure processes better
66
How do renewable feedstocks effect green chemistry
Instead of depleting natural resources
67
How does having less steps / reagents effect green chemistry
Doesn't generate waste
68
How does a catalyst effect green chemistry
Reduce energy usage
69
How does degradation effect green chemistry
When release the chemical products for degradation should breakdown into innocuous products
70
How would employing real time process monitoring effect green chemistry
Better monitor of chemical processes reduces waste products
71
How does a safer chemical process effect green chemistry
Minimise potential of releasing gases, fires and explosions
72
What examples are there of green chemistry in use
Ibuprofen used to synthesis in 12 steps with 40% atom economy now 4 steps with 77%
Atorvastatin now synthesised using enzyme that catalyses chemical reactions in water, less potential of polluting organic solvents
73
What aspects are here to take into account when using green chemistry
Does the change of reagents make the reaction more expensive
Has the replacement of one reagent with another raised new health and safety issued
74
What happens in an elimination reaction
Hydroxyl group will bond to H^+ ion from strong acid
Alcohol is protonates, oxygen atom gains positive charge
Positive oxygen attracts electrons, water 'falls off' creating unstable carbonation intermediate
Carbonation loses H^+ to form an alkene
75
Why must molecules be ions to be used in mass spectra
So detected
76
Why may an ion undergo fragmentation
Ion splits up due to further electron bombardment in ionisation chamber, into fragments
Create many smaller positively charged fragments
77
Which is the most st ale peak
Tallest - base peak
78
What is the molecular ion peak
The last peak
79
Where would the isomer be on the graph
The left of the molecular ion peak would be very small
80
How can covalent bonds vibrate, twist or bend
| What happens to the molecule
If right energy absorbed from infrared spectroscopy passed through molecule
Molecule moves higher vibrational energy level
81
How can you find which bonds are in a molecule
Quantised specific frequency of infrared radiation absorbed, characteristic of particular bond
82
What does the vibration frequency depend on
Nature of the atoms in a bond and the bond itself
| Greater mass of atoms in a bond the slower the vibration will be
83
How can other atoms in the molecule influence vibration of bond
Multiple binds vibrate at higher frequency than single bond. Other atoms in the molecule can influence vibration
84
How is the wavelength calculated
Wavelength = 1/wavelength (cm)
85
What is the frequency of vibrations measured in
Hz
86
What is the usual values infrared spectroscopy give
Reciprocal wavelength cm / cm^-1 = wavenumber
87
What is the spectrum produced made of
Transmission, is percentage of infrared radiation that passes through same,e, against frequency of infrared radiation
88
How is speed of light calculated
C = wavelength x frequency
89
What is the fingerprint region
Below 1500cm^-1 spectrum can be complex, more difficult to assign absorptions to particular bonds
90
What compounds show up in fingerprint region
Aromatic compounds often exhibit complex absorption patterns in fingerprint region
91
What is the prefix of alcohol
-ol
