Whats In Medicine Flashcards
What is the prefix of aldehydes
-al
What is the prefix for ketones
-one
What is the prefix for carboxylic acid
-oic acid
What is the prefix for acid anhydride
-oic anhydride
What is the prefix for Ester’s
-oate
What is the prefix for ethers
-oxy-
What is used in the process of oxidising ethanol to ethanal
Using powerful oxidising agent - acidified potassium dichromate (V)
Distillation
How is an aldehyde oxidised into a carboxylic acid
Acidified potassium dichromate (V)
Reflux
What happens to the colour of acidified potassium dichromate when oxidised
Turns from orange to purple (carboxylic acid)
What is a primary alcohol
A carbon which an -OH group and two C-H bonds with one carbon chain -R
H
|
R - C - OH
|
HWhat is a secondary alcohol
One C-H bond on the carbon with one -OH and two carbon chains -R
H
|
R - C - OH
|
RWhat is a tertiary alcohol
Has no hydrogens attached to the carbon atom with the -OH group
R
|
R - C - OH
|
RHow does -OH react with water
R-OH + H2O <=>R-O^- + H3O^+
Makes acidic H3O^+
How does water react with itself to form an acidic solution
H-OH + H2O <=> H-O^- + H3O^+
Forms acidic solution
What property does H^+(aq) ions and H3O^+ give
Make any solution acidic
Ions formed depends on stability of negatively charged ion
What is the most acidic structure and why
RCOO^-
Is most stable as electrons are delocalised
pH3/4
How acidic is phenol
Middle pH 6
Electrons are delocalised so quite stable
What is the least acidic structure
R-O^-
No delocalisation, ions unstable
pH7
What can react with strong bases(and an example) to form salts and water
Phenols and carboxylic acids are strong enough to react with strong bases e.g. Sodium hydroxide to form salts and water
What is the test for carboxylic acids
Only one capable of reacting with carbonate to give salt, water and carbon dioxide
Why doe phenols not react with carbonate
Not as high enough H^+(aq) concentration in phenol solution
What is the test for phenol
Reaction with neutral iron (III) chloride solution (FeCl3) which is orange, shake them and turns purple
What happens to the phenol when reacting with neutral iron (III) chloride solution
C=C-OH group (enol) forms complex ion with Fe^3+ ions in iron (III) chloride
An example of esterification
Ethanoic acid react with ethanol if add few drops concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst to make ethyl ethanoate (ester)
What is the word equation for esterification
c.H2SO4
Alcohol + carboxylic acid ———-> ester + water
What smell do Ester’s have
Strong sweet
What esters are used as energy storage compounds and where are they used
Fats and oils
In plants and animals
What is an acid anhydride
Derived from carboxylic acids
More reactive than -COOH
Why are acid anhydrides used instead of carboxylic acids in esterification reactions
React completely with alcohol on warming, give much higher yield of ester
How can Ester’s be formed using a carboxylic acid
What type of reaction is it (other than esterification)
R acting with alcohol as C.H2SO4 as a catalyst
Reversible reaction
In an esterification reaction that is reversible what is the forward reaction called
Esterification or condensation
In an esterification reaction that is reversible what is the backward reaction called
Ester hydrolysis (reaction with water)
What an replace alcohol in an esterification reaction
Phenol
What can replace carboxylic acid in an esterification and why are they better to use
Acyl chloride or acid anhydride
They’re more reactive and reaction occurs faster
Why can two different ester be made from salicylate acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid)
Depending if the -COOH or -OH group is esterified
What happens if the -COOH group in salicylic acid is esterified reacting with ethanoyl chloride
Forms aspirin
What happens if the -OH group in salicylic acid is esterified reacting with methanol
Forms oil of wintergreen
Deep heat
What is the difference between aspirin and oil of wintergreen
Aspirin water soluble, absorbed in digestive system
Oil of wintergreen is fat soluble, absorbed through skin
How can an alcohol be oxidised into a carboxylic acid
Alcohol distilled with acidified potassium dichromate (V) forming aldehyde
Then reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (V) to form carboxylic acid
What alcohol can form carboxylic acids
Primary
What alcohol can form ketones
Secondary
How is a ketone made from a secondary alcohol
Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (V)
Why are tertiary alcohols resistant to oxidation
No hydrogen atom attached to carbon atom that has -OH group attached
What conditions are used in labs for dehydration of alcohol
Concentrated sulfuric acid with 180 degrees
What conditions are used in dehydration of alcohols in industry
Aluminium oxide with 300 degrees
What type of reaction is dehydration of alcohol
Elimination reaction
What is the word equation of dehydration of alcohol
c.H2SO4/180degrees
Alcohol ———————-> alkene
Al2O3/300degrees
What does distillation form
Aldehyde
What does reflux form
Carboxylic acid
How can haloalkanes be prepared
Reacting alcohol with a hydrogen halide in a nucleophilic reaction
When is an organic product in crude form
When organic solid product is synthesised as contains impurities
What is the process of separation
Removes any water soluble impurities
Reaction finished pour mis in separating funnel, add water
Shake and let layers settle. Organic layer less dense
Water soluble impurities dissolved in aqueous layer, open stopped to run off this
What is used to remove trace of water in product
Anhydrous salt e.g. Magnesium sulfate
How does filtration remove solid organic products
Pour mix into Buchner filter with filter paper, into sealed side arm flask attached to a vacuum line
Reduced pressure in flash causes vacuum kim removing air force liquid through funnel, leaning solid on filter paper
How does recrystallisation purify organic solvents
Desired compound dissolved j. Chosen hot solvent, leaving insoluble impurities to filter off
Cool product will crystallise out, leaving soluble impurities pure crystals to be filtered, washed and dried
What is thin layer chromatography used for
Separates small quantities of organic compounds, purify to check purity, follow progress of reaction over time
Suitable solvent used
Different organic compounds have different affinities for particular solvent, so carried through chromatography medium (plate) at different rates
Use silica plate is thin layer
Why is measuring melting point determination important
Indenture compound and its purity
Value obtained compared to published value
Pure compound should melt within 0.5 degrees of true melting point
What is green chemistry
Developing chemical products especially sustainable, environmentally friendly processes
What examples are there of green chemistry
Better atom economy Prevention of waste product Less hazardous chemicals Design safer chemical products Safer solvents Lower energy use Renewable feedstocks Less reagents used / number steps Catalyst Degradation Employ real time process monitoring Safer chemical processes
How does a better atom economy effect green chemistry
More feedstock incorporated in product so less waste product
How does the prevention of waste product effect green chemistry
Better than treating and disposing waste
How does using less hazardous chemicals effect green chemistry
Less harmful
How does safer chemical products effect green chemistry
Less toxic products
How do safer solvents effect green chemistry
Minimise organic solvent use
How does a lower energy use effect green chemistry
Use lower temperature and pressure processes better
How do renewable feedstocks effect green chemistry
Instead of depleting natural resources
How does having less steps / reagents effect green chemistry
Doesn’t generate waste
How does a catalyst effect green chemistry
Reduce energy usage
How does degradation effect green chemistry
When release the chemical products for degradation should breakdown into innocuous products
How would employing real time process monitoring effect green chemistry
Better monitor of chemical processes reduces waste products
How does a safer chemical process effect green chemistry
Minimise potential of releasing gases, fires and explosions
What examples are there of green chemistry in use
Ibuprofen used to synthesis in 12 steps with 40% atom economy now 4 steps with 77%
Atorvastatin now synthesised using enzyme that catalyses chemical reactions in water, less potential of polluting organic solvents
What aspects are here to take into account when using green chemistry
Does the change of reagents make the reaction more expensive
Has the replacement of one reagent with another raised new health and safety issued
What happens in an elimination reaction
Hydroxyl group will bond to H^+ ion from strong acid
Alcohol is protonates, oxygen atom gains positive charge
Positive oxygen attracts electrons, water ‘falls off’ creating unstable carbonation intermediate
Carbonation loses H^+ to form an alkene
Why must molecules be ions to be used in mass spectra
So detected
Why may an ion undergo fragmentation
Ion splits up due to further electron bombardment in ionisation chamber, into fragments
Create many smaller positively charged fragments
Which is the most st ale peak
Tallest - base peak
What is the molecular ion peak
The last peak
Where would the isomer be on the graph
The left of the molecular ion peak would be very small
How can covalent bonds vibrate, twist or bend
What happens to the molecule
If right energy absorbed from infrared spectroscopy passed through molecule
Molecule moves higher vibrational energy level
How can you find which bonds are in a molecule
Quantised specific frequency of infrared radiation absorbed, characteristic of particular bond
What does the vibration frequency depend on
Nature of the atoms in a bond and the bond itself
Greater mass of atoms in a bond the slower the vibration will be
How can other atoms in the molecule influence vibration of bond
Multiple binds vibrate at higher frequency than single bond. Other atoms in the molecule can influence vibration
How is the wavelength calculated
Wavelength = 1/wavelength (cm)
What is the frequency of vibrations measured in
Hz
What is the usual values infrared spectroscopy give
Reciprocal wavelength cm / cm^-1 = wavenumber
What is the spectrum produced made of
Transmission, is percentage of infrared radiation that passes through same,e, against frequency of infrared radiation
How is speed of light calculated
C = wavelength x frequency
What is the fingerprint region
Below 1500cm^-1 spectrum can be complex, more difficult to assign absorptions to particular bonds
What compounds show up in fingerprint region
Aromatic compounds often exhibit complex absorption patterns in fingerprint region
What is the prefix of alcohol
-ol
