whats in a medicine

Question 1

carbonyl features

Answer 1

molecule with a C=O bond
bond is polar
trigonal planar, 120°

Question 2

phenol functional group

Answer 2

O-H group directly attached to benzene ring

Question 3

aldehyde functional group

Answer 3

C=O at the end of a carbon chain

Question 4

ketone functional group

Answer 4

C=O not at the end of a carbon chain

Question 5

carboxylic acid functional group

Answer 5

COOH group

Question 6

acid anhydride functional group

Answer 6

two C=O groups either side of an O
not at the end of the chain

Question 7

ester functional group

Answer 7

COO
C=O with another O attached to the C
other O is attached to another carbon chain

Question 8

ether functional group

Answer 8

C-O-C

Question 9

primary alcohol

Answer 9

the -OH group is bonded to a carbon atom which is bonded to one other carbon atom

Question 10

secondary alcohol

Answer 10

-OH group bonded to a carbon which is bonded to two other carbon atoms

Question 11

tertiary alcohol

Answer 11

-OH group bonded to a carbon which is bonded to three other carbon atoms

Question 12

properties of phenols

Answer 12

aromatic
weak acids - dissociate to form H+ ion and a phenoxide ion

Question 13

phenol reaction with alkalis

Answer 13

form water and a salt
(hydrogen ion is removed by the OH- ion)

Question 14

phenols reaction with carbonates

Answer 14

don’t react with carbonates
as they are not strong enough bases to remove the hydrogen ion from the phenol

Question 15

carboxylic acid reaction with carbonates

Answer 15

carboxylic acid will give off CO2

Question 16

testing for phenols

Answer 16

+ add neutral iron (III) chloride to phenol
purple solution will form after shaking if phenol present

Question 17

formation of esters

Answer 17

1. alcohol + acid anhydride (warming)
2. alcohol + carboxylic acid (with conc. sulfuric acid)

Question 18

heating under reflux purpose

Answer 18

ensures that no flammable/volatile reactants or products are lost whilst the reaction is in progress

Question 19

heating under reflux process

Answer 19

1. Add some anti-bumping granules to a pear-shaped flask to burst the bubbles in the mixture
2. Pour the reactants into the flask
3. Vertically attach a condenser with water flowing in at the bottom and out at the top
4. Heat using a Bunsen flame, hot plate, heating mantle or hot water bath

Question 20

distillation purpose

Answer 20

used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points

Question 21

distillation process

Answer 21

1. Pour the mixture into a pear-shaped flask and add anti-bumping granules
2. Set up the apparatus (identical to reflux except that you have a thermometer in the flask, the condenser is horizontal and water goes in farthest from the pear shaped flask, and you collect the product in a beaker)
3. Heat gently until the mixture boils
4. Put a collecting beaker in place once the thermometer reads a few degrees below the boiling point
5. Collect the liquid until the temperature rises above the boiling point
6. Stop heating

Question 22

recrystallisation purpose

Answer 22

used to purify solid crude organic products with impurities

Question 23

recrystallisation process

Answer 23

1. Choose a solvent which the desired substance is soluble in at high temperatures
2. It must also be insoluble at lower temperatures
3. Dissolve in the minimum amount of hot solvent
4. Filter to remove insoluble impurities
5. Preheat the filter funnel and conical flask (to prevent crystallising)
6. Leave the filtrate to cool
7. Collect the crystals with vacuum filtration
8. Dry the crystals in an oven/watch glass

Question 24

Thin layer chromatography purpose

Answer 24

used to separate small quantities of organic compounds, purify organic substances and follow the progress of a reaction

Question 25

vacuum filtration purpose

Answer 25

used to separate a solid from a filtrate

Question 26

green chemistry meaning

Answer 26

not using up non-renewable resources, and not damaging the environment

Question 27

atom economy equation

Answer 27

(Mr of desired product / Mr total reactant ) x 100

Question 28

percentage yield equation

Answer 28

(actual mass of product / theoretical mass) x 100

Question 29

electrophile definition

Answer 29

electron acceptors, attracted to areas of high electron density

Question 30

electrophillic addition definition

Answer 30

electrophiles attack the double bond in alkenes