whats in a medicine Flashcards
carbonyl features
molecule with a C=O bond
bond is polar
trigonal planar, 120°
phenol functional group
O-H group directly attached to benzene ring
aldehyde functional group
C=O at the end of a carbon chain
ketone functional group
C=O not at the end of a carbon chain
carboxylic acid functional group
COOH group
acid anhydride functional group
two C=O groups either side of an O
not at the end of the chain
ester functional group
COO
C=O with another O attached to the C
other O is attached to another carbon chain
ether functional group
C-O-C
primary alcohol
the -OH group is bonded to a carbon atom which is bonded to one other carbon atom
secondary alcohol
-OH group bonded to a carbon which is bonded to two other carbon atoms
tertiary alcohol
-OH group bonded to a carbon which is bonded to three other carbon atoms
properties of phenols
aromatic
weak acids - dissociate to form H+ ion and a phenoxide ion
phenol reaction with alkalis
form water and a salt
(hydrogen ion is removed by the OH- ion)
phenols reaction with carbonates
don’t react with carbonates
as they are not strong enough bases to remove the hydrogen ion from the phenol
carboxylic acid reaction with carbonates
carboxylic acid will give off CO2
testing for phenols
+ add neutral iron (III) chloride to phenol
purple solution will form after shaking if phenol present
formation of esters
- alcohol + acid anhydride (warming)
- alcohol + carboxylic acid (with conc. sulfuric acid)
heating under reflux purpose
ensures that no flammable/volatile reactants or products are lost whilst the reaction is in progress
heating under reflux process
- Add some anti-bumping granules to a pear-shaped flask to burst the bubbles in the mixture
- Pour the reactants into the flask
- Vertically attach a condenser with water flowing in at the bottom and out at the top
- Heat using a Bunsen flame, hot plate, heating mantle or hot water bath
distillation purpose
used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points
distillation process
- Pour the mixture into a pear-shaped flask and add anti-bumping granules
- Set up the apparatus (identical to reflux except that you have a thermometer in the flask, the condenser is horizontal and water goes in farthest from the pear shaped flask, and you collect the product in a beaker)
- Heat gently until the mixture boils
- Put a collecting beaker in place once the thermometer reads a few degrees below the boiling point
- Collect the liquid until the temperature rises above the boiling point
- Stop heating
recrystallisation purpose
used to purify solid crude organic products with impurities
recrystallisation process
- Choose a solvent which the desired substance is soluble in at high temperatures
- It must also be insoluble at lower temperatures
- Dissolve in the minimum amount of hot solvent
- Filter to remove insoluble impurities
- Preheat the filter funnel and conical flask (to prevent crystallising)
- Leave the filtrate to cool
- Collect the crystals with vacuum filtration
- Dry the crystals in an oven/watch glass
Thin layer chromatography purpose
used to separate small quantities of organic compounds, purify organic substances and follow the progress of a reaction
vacuum filtration purpose
used to separate a solid from a filtrate
green chemistry meaning
not using up non-renewable resources, and not damaging the environment
atom economy equation
(Mr of desired product / Mr total reactant ) x 100
percentage yield equation
(actual mass of product / theoretical mass) x 100
electrophile definition
electron acceptors, attracted to areas of high electron density
electrophillic addition definition
electrophiles attack the double bond in alkenes
