What were the causes of the Revolutions in 1848-9?

Question 1

In 1815, how many states were there in Germany?

Answer 1

-314

Question 2

What percentage of Germany was working on the land?

Answer 2

-80%

Question 3

How many kilometers did the Hapsburg empire control?

Answer 3

-300,000km

Question 4

How many states did Napolean reduce Germany to?

Answer 4

-39

Question 5

When did the Wars of Liberation take place?

Answer 5

-1814-15

Question 6

When did the Congress of Vienna start?

Answer 6

-September 1814

Question 7

Who led the Congress of Vienna?

Answer 7

-Austria,Prussia Russia and Britian

Question 8

Which part of Germany was Protestant and which part was Catholic?

Answer 8

• North: Protestant

- South:Catholic

Question 9

What was the purpose of the Congress?

Answer 9

-2 restore balance of power in europe after the defeat of Napoleon

Question 10

What were the problems faced by nationalists in Germany?

Answer 10

• the bund
• individual leaders
• constitutions
• holy alliance
• popular opinion
• carlsbad degrees
• six + ten articles
• diversity

Question 11

Why was the bund a block to unification?

Answer 11

• Metternich ran the bund
  
  • against unification
    
    • threat to Austrian power (didn’t want Germany 2 become more powerful)
• Loose control over individual states:
  
  • ->very little control over individual states
    
    • ->Federal act(1815): empowered the Bundestag 2 organise a federal army + 2 develop commercial + economic cooperation
      
      • ->however, ind. fiercely guarded–> no attempts to unify the confederation militarily or economically

Question 12

Why were individual leaders a block to unification?

Answer 12

• many diff. people had to be convinced
  
  • each leader governed each province
    
    • some rulers totally ignored the article in the Federal Act which states that each state should give ‘Constitution of Regional Estates’ (parliament)

Question 13

Why were constitutions a block to unification?

Answer 13

-each state had its own constitution and each wanted to be maintained

Question 14

Why was popular opinion a block to nationalism?

Answer 14

• North: unwilling to move into new system, satisfied with their princes
• South: fear they would lose their freedom under central rule

Question 15

Why was the Holy Alliance a block to unification?

Answer 15

• Prussia had signed–> promise to maintain the power of monarchy
• included individual leaders

Question 16

Why was diversity a block to unification?

Answer 16

• many diff. traditions,ethnicities

- hard to unite under common identity

Question 17

What were the six articles?

Answer 17

-placed federal state over individual state law

Question 18

What were the ten articles?

Answer 18

• laws which forbade:
  - political meetings,
  - organis.
  - appeals
  - festivals

Question 19

What were the Carlsbad Decrees?(1819)

Answer 19

• decree which removed:
  
  • NATIONALIST fraternities
  • removed some lib. proff.
  • further censored the press

Question 20

Why were the Carlsbad decrees a block to unification?

Answer 20

• limited outreach due to obstructions to organising + meeting up
• limited influence in the press
  
  • restricted spread of liberal agenda

Question 21

Why were the six and ten articles a block to unification?

Answer 21

• Reinforced suppression throughout Germany(Six articles)

- made it even harder for national forces to meet(ten articles)

Question 22

What was the Zollverein?

Answer 22

• united cutoms union of:
  
  • 18 states
  • controlled by Prussia
• allowed free trade between states
• no AU (didn’t like free trade)

Question 23

What was the impact of the Zollverein?

Answer 23

• helped spread nationalism/popularity of unification:
  
  • unified the states’ economies
  • gave incentive to unify due to economic benefits
    
    • e.g: x internal costum duties increased trade–>greater prosperity
  • isolated Austria/lessened its power:
    
    • refusal to join Zollverein= did not reap the benefits
    • gave Prussia ecoconomic control