What's in Medicine

Question 1

Describe the functional group alcohols.

Answer 1

General Formula: ROH

Prefix/Suffix: -ol

Question 2

Describe the functional group aldehydes.

Answer 2

General Formula: RCHO

Prefix/Suffix: -al

Question 3

Describe the functional group ketones.

Answer 3

General Formula: RCOR*

Prefix/Suffix: -one

Question 4

Describe the functional group Carboxylic Acid.

Answer 4

General Formula: RCOOH

Prefix/Suffix: -oic acid

Question 5

Describe the functional group acid anhydrides.

Answer 5

General Formula: (RCO)2O

Prefix/Suffix: -oic anhydride

Question 6

Describe the functional group esters.

Answer 6

General Formula: RCOOR*

Prefix/Suffix: -oate

Question 7

Describe the functional group ethers.

Answer 7

General Formula: ROR*

Prefix/Suffix: -oxy- (Example methoxyethane)

Question 8

What are the difference between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols?

Answer 8

Primary - Carbon atom bonded to the OH is also bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and a variable (non Hydrogen).
Secondary - Carbon atom bonded to the OH is also bonded to 1 hydrogen atom and 2 variables.
Tertiary - Carbon atom bonded to the OH is also bonded to 3 variables.

Question 9

How can different alcohols be oxidised?

Answer 9

Primary Alcohols - Partially oxidised to Aldehydes, fully oxidised to Carboxylic Acids.
Secondary Alcohols - Oxidised to Ketones.
Tertiary Alcohols - Aren’t oxidised.

Question 10

What is the difference Reflux and Distillation?

Answer 10

Reflux - Products stay in reaction vessel, Liebig Condenser vertical.
Distillation - Products leave reaction vessel, Liebig Condenser horizonal.

Question 11

What happens to Potassium Dichromate (IV) during Oxidation.

Answer 11

Orange Dichromate (IV) ion is reduced to Green Chromium (III) ion.

Question 11

What is the Dehydration of Alcohols?

Answer 11

Dehydration is an elimination reaction, where a water molecule is removed from the alcohol.
Produces an Alkene.

Question 12

What is an Elimination reaction?

Answer 12

Removes a small group of atoms for a large molecule, and not replaced.

Question 13

What happens when Alcohols react with Carboxylic Acids?

Answer 13

When alcohols react with a Carboxylic Acid they form Esters and water.
React under heat with presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated hydrochloric or sulfuric).
Condensation Reaction, as water is released.

Question 14

How do Alcohols react with Acid Anhydrides?

Answer 14

They produce an ester and a carboxylic acid.

Question 15

What are Substitution reactions?

Answer 15

When a part of a molecule is replaced by a new component.
For Example:
2-methylpropan-2-ol + HCl -> 2-chloro2-methylpropane
In this case OH is swapped for Cl

Question 16

What are Phenols?

Answer 16

Phenols have the Formula C6H5OH.

They are a benzene ring with an OH attached.

Question 17

How do you test for a Phenol?

Answer 17

Iron (III) Chloride will go purple in the presence of a phenol.

Question 18

How do Phenols react with Alkalis?

Answer 18

Phenols are weak acids, so the react with strong Alkalis.
Phenol + Alkali -> Phenol Salt + Water
For example:
Phenol + NaOH -> Sodium Phenoxide + Water

Question 19

How do Phenol react with Acid Anhydrides?

Answer 19

They react like traditional alcohols, producing an ester and a carboxylic acid.
Phenol DONT react with Carboxylic Acids.

Question 20

How can Redistillation purify Volatile Liquids?

Answer 20

After Distillation, the product is likely to still contain impurities.
Put the Impure product into the reaction vessel, heat the vessel.
However when you get to the boiling point of the desired product, get a new beaker and collect your pure product.

Question 21

How can you separate soluble impurities from an insoluble product?

Answer 21

If a product is insoluble in water then you can use separation to remove any soluble impurities.
Pour impure product into separating funnel and add water.