What's in Medicine Flashcards
Describe the functional group alcohols.
General Formula: ROH
Prefix/Suffix: -ol
Describe the functional group aldehydes.
General Formula: RCHO
Prefix/Suffix: -al
Describe the functional group ketones.
General Formula: RCOR*
Prefix/Suffix: -one
Describe the functional group Carboxylic Acid.
General Formula: RCOOH
Prefix/Suffix: -oic acid
Describe the functional group acid anhydrides.
General Formula: (RCO)2O
Prefix/Suffix: -oic anhydride
Describe the functional group esters.
General Formula: RCOOR*
Prefix/Suffix: -oate
Describe the functional group ethers.
General Formula: ROR*
Prefix/Suffix: -oxy- (Example methoxyethane)
What are the difference between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols?
Primary - Carbon atom bonded to the OH is also bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and a variable (non Hydrogen).
Secondary - Carbon atom bonded to the OH is also bonded to 1 hydrogen atom and 2 variables.
Tertiary - Carbon atom bonded to the OH is also bonded to 3 variables.
How can different alcohols be oxidised?
Primary Alcohols - Partially oxidised to Aldehydes, fully oxidised to Carboxylic Acids.
Secondary Alcohols - Oxidised to Ketones.
Tertiary Alcohols - Aren’t oxidised.
What is the difference Reflux and Distillation?
Reflux - Products stay in reaction vessel, Liebig Condenser vertical.
Distillation - Products leave reaction vessel, Liebig Condenser horizonal.
What happens to Potassium Dichromate (IV) during Oxidation.
Orange Dichromate (IV) ion is reduced to Green Chromium (III) ion.
What is the Dehydration of Alcohols?
Dehydration is an elimination reaction, where a water molecule is removed from the alcohol.
Produces an Alkene.
What is an Elimination reaction?
Removes a small group of atoms for a large molecule, and not replaced.
What happens when Alcohols react with Carboxylic Acids?
When alcohols react with a Carboxylic Acid they form Esters and water.
React under heat with presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated hydrochloric or sulfuric).
Condensation Reaction, as water is released.
How do Alcohols react with Acid Anhydrides?
They produce an ester and a carboxylic acid.
What are Substitution reactions?
When a part of a molecule is replaced by a new component.
For Example:
2-methylpropan-2-ol + HCl -> 2-chloro2-methylpropane
In this case OH is swapped for Cl
What are Phenols?
Phenols have the Formula C6H5OH.
They are a benzene ring with an OH attached.
How do you test for a Phenol?
Iron (III) Chloride will go purple in the presence of a phenol.
How do Phenols react with Alkalis?
Phenols are weak acids, so the react with strong Alkalis.
Phenol + Alkali -> Phenol Salt + Water
For example:
Phenol + NaOH -> Sodium Phenoxide + Water
How do Phenol react with Acid Anhydrides?
They react like traditional alcohols, producing an ester and a carboxylic acid.
Phenol DONT react with Carboxylic Acids.
How can Redistillation purify Volatile Liquids?
After Distillation, the product is likely to still contain impurities.
Put the Impure product into the reaction vessel, heat the vessel.
However when you get to the boiling point of the desired product, get a new beaker and collect your pure product.
How can you separate soluble impurities from an insoluble product?
If a product is insoluble in water then you can use separation to remove any soluble impurities.
Pour impure product into separating funnel and add water.
