What Problems Did The National Party Face Within South Africa 1974-83?

Question 1

Homeland/ bantustan policy

Answer 1

1970s: NP press on with policy
Vorster invested largely- money gained from a rise in gold mining resources
Vorster and Botha try to get areas to gain independence

Question 2

Bantustan independence

Answer 2

Transkei (1976) 
Bophuthataswana (77) 
Venda (79) 
Ciskei (81) 
Not recognised by other countries, effort to present them as viable states

Question 3

Homeland revenue

Answer 3

Increases four fold in the first half of the 70s
Used to fund social cost of Apartheid eg forced relocations, fund expanding bureaucracies, great deal of waste
SA had three capitals and 10 new homelands

Question 4

Benefits of the expenditure on homelands

Answer 4

70s: 50% of budgets went to education; roads, health and agriculture
Large new budgets and no teaching programme for Bantu education
Education provision spread rurally rather than in urban areas
Agriculturally: £ into irrigation projects

Question 5

Verkrampte vs Verligte

Answer 5

Verkrampte: ‘conservative’
Verligte: ‘progressive’ ‘enlightened’
Vorster sided more with verkramptes

Question 6

Muldergate scandal

Answer 6

Connie Mulder given 64 million rand (40mil £) in secret to influence and win friends
British, US and Japan
Paid magazines to publish positive articles
Bought luxury flats- influential figures to be entertained
Bribe politicians- pro SA speeches/ block anti apartheid movt

Question 7

Effects of Muldergate scandal

Answer 7

Vorster had to resign following
Money used individually for self enrichment
Opposition press: show abuse of power and corruption

Question 8

Oils crisis 1972

Answer 8

Oil price doubles- SA vulnerable as they had to import, nationalists founded state owned SASOL corporations (known as main oil-from coal producer)

Question 9

Economic pressures despite oil crisis

Answer 9

Rise in the price of gold did help economy
SA manufacturing couldn’t compete due to expense of skilled white workers and lack of
BSA held back due to training and promotion restrictions
Economy slows as population rapidly increased

Question 10

Farming in the 70s

Answer 10

Many farmers did well during/ less efficient, smaller farms gave up and farm sizes doubled between 1950-90

Question 11

Govt policy on black workers in white farms

Answer 11

Want to limit BSA occupations of WSA farms
1960-80 2million bworkers moved off farms (some forced, some chose, escape low pay/ hard working conditions, Surplus People’s Project)

Question 12

‘Surplus people’

Answer 12

In far flung and desolate locations (Winterveld held 1/2 million)
Majority from farms and few houses built for them
Massive population increase and movt from farms and homelands to towns: large, displaced towns found hard to cope and people deemed them insufficient

Question 13

1979 migration

Answer 13

Movt to major cities, informal shack settlements
Used whatever could be found (corrugated metal, wood etc) to invade municipal land and build shelters, no decent housing, electricity or water
Preferable to be by the city (work/ income from trade)

Question 14

Pass laws enforcement due to 1979 migration

Answer 14

Govt couldn’t find a way to enforce pass laws
1980s Pass Laws breaking down and successfully challenged in court
Illegal urbanisation is a massive challenge for govt

Question 15

White opposition of Botha’s reform

Answer 15

Most supported and NP won 1981 and 87 elections with huge majorities
Some thought apartheid was being abandoned
Lost security of job reservation, small farms lose workers
1987: 37% Afrikaners didn’t support NP
White supremacist Afrikaner Westandbeweging opposed

Question 16

Black opposition to Botha’s reform- trade unions

Answer 16

Won wide support from community
Militant industrial action
Leaders take advantage of new legal status

Question 17

Black opposition to Botha’s reform- squatters

Answer 17

Many BSA to cities as control loosened
New squatter camps regularly bulldozed
Mid 80s: new settlements built after international pressure

Question 18

Black opposition to Botha’s reform- schools

Answer 18

1980s: 1/2 BSA was under 25, Botha’s regimes didn’t cover rising no. wanting education
Huge classes, poorly qualified teachers, no books
Soweto 1976 student riots showed it was possible to take the lead
1979 COSAS formed: boycotts, rent strikes and consumer boycotts
1980-81: pupils and uni students boycott classes in protest

Question 19

Need for reform

Answer 19

There was a steady supply of works yet black workers found it hard to live in cities
Poor education system meant they lacked skills for their modern complex machines
WSA could afford goods and BSA couldn’t
Farms became mechanised, less need for unskilled workers- BSA tied to land

Question 20

Botha’s WHAM policy (Winning Hearts and Minds)

Answer 20

Give business leaders workforce and consumers

Tell outside world reform took place

Question 21

1) Wham policy: Wiehahn report

Answer 21

To legalise trade unions

Would act more responsibly and employees would know who to negotiate with

Question 22

2 Wham policy

Answer 22

Job reservation stopped

Question 23

3 Wham policy: Lange Report

Answer 23

Recommended a single education system- spending on BEducation tripled through the 1980s

Question 24

4 Wham policy: Rikert Report

Answer 24

Blacks should be allowed to move around the city- relaxed influx laws

Question 25

5 Wham policy

Answer 25

Tricameral govt

Question 26

6 Wham policy: petty apartheid

Answer 26

Removed
1949 Mixed Marriages Act and 1953 Separate Amenities Act repealed
Pass Laws relaxed and abolished in 1986

Question 27

Botha’s economic ideas

Answer 27

Relax economic apartheid
Belief of free markets and deregulation
Coincided with Reagan and Thatcher

Question 28

1980s President’s Council

Answer 28

Advisory body of white, Coloured and Indian politicians

Question 29

1983 Coloured and Indian Parliaments

Answer 29

Established with presidential council as overarching body

Question 30

Botha as PM

Answer 30

Botha is president rather than PM in 1983 at the head of a tricameral parliament
Split of Verkramptes under Treurnicht in new Conservative Party
Mobilised whites who felt they still needed protection of the state