What is intelligence?

Question 1

What is the difference between a descriptive and a normative claim?

Answer 1

Descriptive: Claims about what is, and what is not. Statements of fact. What can computers do? How can we use computers?

Normative: Claims about what should be, and what should not be. What should computers do? How should we use computers?

Question 2

Normative or descriptive: “Anything that passes the Turing Test is intelligent.”?

Answer 2

Descriptive

Question 3

Normative or descriptive: “Computers cannot really understand.”

Answer 3

Descriptive

Question 4

Normative or descriptive: “We should not develop lethal autonomous weapons.”

Answer 4

Normative

Question 5

Normative or descriptive: “Conscious AI systems should be granted moral rights.”

Answer 5

Normative

Question 6

What is ethics?

Answer 6

Branch of philosophy
Focussing on normative claims

Question 7

What is the difference between a necessary and sufficient criteria?

Answer 7

Necessary: intelligent if and only if satisfies criteria. This allows us also to say what is not intelligent.
Sufficient: If satisfies criteria then intelligent (but if not could still be). So we cannot say anything about the intelligence of things that don’t satisfy this criteria.

Question 8

What are biological criteria?

Answer 8

The properties relevant to the attribution of intelligence are the properties of biological organisms.

i.e.
Constitution: S is made of organic matter.
Vitality: S is alive.
Ontogeny: S has evolved from, and is born of, other intelligent beings.
Function: S plays a role in, and is adapted to, a biological ecosystem.

Question 9

What are the challenges to biological criteria?

Answer 9

• Overly restrictive chauvinism (too focussed on ‘our own group’/ kind of intelligence)
• Excessive liberalism (many organisms have these properties- i.e. wood, is it really intelligence?)

Main issue for us is that already excludes computer

Question 10

What are computational criteria?

Answer 10

The properties relevant to the attribution of intelligence are the properties that define certain classes of computational systems.

i.e. Turing Machine, Physical Symbol System, quantum computer, parallel computer

Question 11

What are the challenges to computational criteria?

Answer 11

• Computational limitations (are there some features of intelligence that a computer can’t reproduce- consciousness, creativity, non-computable problems)
• Cognitive scientific uncertainty- Do we even fulfil this criteria? (Do we have computers in our minds? Why do we think computers are relevant)

Question 12

What are behavioural criteria?

Answer 12

The properties relevant to the attribution of intelligence are a system’s behavioural properties.

i.e. pass an IQ test, win games (chess etc.), can walk, talk, jump, drive, make art…

Question 13

What kind of criterion is this: It is intelligent because it says that it is intelligent.

Answer 13

Sufficient, behavioural

Question 14

What kind of criterion is this: It is intelligent because it plays really well!

Answer 14

Sufficient, behavioural

Question 15

What kind of criterion is this: It does not have a mind of its own, because it is artificial
(created by us) rather than natural (created by nature).

Answer 15

Necessary, biological

Question 16

What kind of criterion is this: It is not intelligent because it is “made out of meat”.

Answer 16

Necessary (have to not be made out of meat to be intelligent), reverse biological

Question 17

What kind of criterion is the Turing test?

Answer 17

Behavioural, sufficient

Question 18

What is Harnad (1991) Total Turing test criterion?

Answer 18

perhaps it is not sufficient for S to possess any one of these behavioral capacities. Perhaps it must possess them all (at the same time). -> Artificial General Intelligence?
The Total Turing Test Criterion:
S “fools” humans in any conceivable context → S is intelligent

encompasses various cognitive tasks, such as vision, reasoning, learning, and more. Don’t think we’re talking about strength etc.

Question 19

What is the threat of pretense?

Answer 19

Can’t something behave “as if” it is intelligent, without actually being
intelligent?

But if we decide that this matters then we essentially say we cannot use behavioural criterion (without argumentation as to why)