Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Endocrine System > What is Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

What is Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Group of metabolic diseases of multiple aetiologies characterised by hyperglycaemia together with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

A

Polydipsia (excessive thirst)

Polyuria (excess production or passage of urine - greater than 2.5L or 3L over 24 hours in adults)

Blurred vision

Weight loss

Infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Excessive thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Excess production or passage of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some metabolic decompensations that hyperglycaemia leads to?

A

DKA/HHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What long term complications can hyperglycaemia cause?

A

Microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy)

Macrovascular (stroke, MI, PVD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is measured to diagnose diabetes?

A

Glucose or HbA1c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are glucose levels measured from arterial or venous plasma?

A

Venous plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What glucose levels are considered to a diabetic diagnosis?

A

In fasting more than or equal to 7mmol/L or random time where more than or equal to 11.1mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does OGTT stand for?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the oral glucose tolerance test done?

A

Measure 2 hours after eating 75g CHO and glucose more than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L is diabetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What level of glucose is considered to be diabetic after the OGTT?

A

More than or equal to 11.1mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What level of HbA1c is considered to be diabetic?

A

Over or equal to 48mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the diagnostic levels for fasting glucose, OGTT and HbA1c for intermediate hyperglycaemia?

A

Impaired fasting glucose 6.1-7mmol/L

Impaired glucose tolerance test >=7.8 and <= 11mmol/L

HbA1c 42-47mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is the diabetic diagnostic level criteria at the levels it is?

A

Identifies a group with significant increased premature mortality and increased risk of microvascular an cardiovascular complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is the diagnostic criteria for intermediate hyperglycaemia at the levels it is?

A

Identifies a group at higher risk of future diabetes and adverse outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the different levels of increased glucose?

A

‘Normoglycaemia’ (glucose levels associated with low risk of developing diabetes)

Intermediate hyperglycaemia (identifies a group with higher risk of future diabetis and adverse outcomes)

Diabetes diagnostic criteria (identifies a group with significant increase premature mortability and increased risk of adverse outcomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is required to diagnose diabetes?

A

Measure blood glucose or HbA1c

One diagnostic lab glucose plus symptoms

Two diagnostic lab glucose or HbA1c levels without symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is HbA1c?

A

Glycosylated haemoglobin, gives an indication of blood glucose levels over the last 8-12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Over what time period does HbA1c give an indication of blood glucose levels?

A

Last 8-12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When can HbA1c not be used to diagnose diabetes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the different classifications of diabetes?

A

Type 1 (10.9%)

Type 2 (88.2%)

Other types (0.9%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is type 1 or type 2 diabetes more prevalent?

24
Q

What is the only hormone that can lower [BG]?

25
What cell produces insulin?
B cells
26
What cell produces glucagon?
a cells
27
What effect does insulin have on adipose tissue?
Reduces lipolysis
28
What is lipolysis?
Lipid triglycerides are hydrolysed into a glycerol and three fatty acids, breaks down fat into energy
29
What effect does insulin have on the liver?
Reduces glucose production
30
What effect does insulin have on muscle?
Increased glucose uptake
31
Is the incidence of type 1 diabetes greater in younger or older people?
Younger people
32
What is the background population risk of developing type 1 diabetes?
0.4%
33
What is the percentage risk of developing type 1 diabetes if your: mother, father, sibling, non-identical twin, both parents, monozygotic twin has it?
Mother - 1% Father - 6% Sibling - 8% Non-identical twin - 10% Both parents - 30% Monozygotic twin - 30-50%
34
What is required to develop type 1 diabetes?
Genetic pre-disposition plus: trigger (perhaps viral infection) autoimmunity
35
What is type 1 diabetes characterised by?
Insulin deficiency
36
What is the clinical presentation of type 1 diabetes?
Short duration of: thirst (polydipsia) tiredness (fatigue) Polyuria/nocturia Weight loss Blurred vision Abdominal pain
37
What is the medical term for blurred vision?
Myopia
38
What is seen on examination for type 1 diabetes?
Ketones on breath Dehydration May have increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, hypotension Low grade infections, thrust/balantis
39
Explain the evolution of type 2 diabetes?
Blood glucose levels increase as B-cell function declines B cells become damaged by liptoxicity and glucotoxicity as a result of insulin resistance, they can eventually no longer compensate resulting in hyperglycaemia
40
Is the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Scotland increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
41
Does the incidence of type 2 diabetes increase or decrease with age?
Increases with age
42
Explain the genetics of type 2 diabetes for: identical twin, one parent, both parents, sibling, non-identical twin?
Identical twin - 90-100% One parent - 15% Both parents - 75% Sibling - 10% Non-identical twin - 10%
43
What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
May have no symptoms Polydipsia (thirst) Fatigue Polyuria/nocturia Sometimes weight loss Myopia (blurred vision) Symptoms of complications such as cardiovascular disease
44
What are signs of type 2 diabetes?
Not ketogenic Usually overweight but not always Low grade infections, thrush/balantitis May have microvascular or macrovascular complications at diagnosis
45
When is screening for diabetes in asymptomatic populations done?
When two risk factors are present: overweight family history over age 30 if Maori/Asian over age 40 if European previous history of diabetes in pregnancy (gestational diabetes) had a big baby (\>4kg) inactive lifestyle, lack of exercise previous high blood glucose/impared glucose tolerance
46
Other than type 1 and 2, what are other types of diabetes?
Recognised genetic syndromes, such as MODY Gestational diabetes Secondary diabetes
47
What does MODY stand for?
Maturity onset diabetes in the young
48
Is MODY dominant or recessive?
Autosommal dominant
49
What are the 2 types of MODY?
Glucokinase mutations Transcription factor mutaitons
50
What are the differences between onset, hyperglycaemia, treatment and complications for the 2 types of MODY?
51
What are some things that secondary diabetes can occur after?
Drug therapy such as corticosteroids Pancreatic destruction Recognised genetic syndromes (such as DIDMOAD) Rare endocrine disorders (such as Cushings syndrome, Acromegaly, pheochromocytoma)
52
What is gestational diabetes?
Hyperglycaemia during pregnancy
53
What is gestational diabetes associated with?
Family history of type 2 diabetes
54
When does gestational diabetes usually develop?
During 2nd or 3rd trimester
55
What are risk factors for gestational diabetes?
Family history of type 2 diabetes Overweight Inactive
56
What neonatal problems can gestational diabetes cause?
Macrosomia Respiratory distress Neonatal hypoglycaemia

Endocrine System (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions