What is Developmental Biology and How do we Research it? Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is developmental biology?

A

Union of genetics and embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Preformation

A

All structures preformed and just grow in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epigenesis

A

New structures develop progressively during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

William Harvey

A

1st to use house mouse for study, seminal work in chick refuting spontaneous generation, and ovum is necessary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Marcello Malpighi

A

Father of microscopic anatomy, supported preformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

August Weismann

A

Germ plasm theory: specific cells are different

Nuclear determinant theory: every cell has the same DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

Proponent of preformation, proposed the recapitulation theory, and introduced concept of heterochrony (change in rate and timing of development which is an evolutionary shift)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Wilhelm Roux

A

Pioneer in experimental embryology, proponent of preformation, then mosaic epigenetist, most known for methods, all daughter cells are different and no other cell is exactly the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mosaic development:

A

Differential arrangement of localized nuclear determinants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hans Driesch

A

Work in sea urchin helped refute preformation and nuclear determination, showed early blastomeres were capable of forming complete organisms separately, mosaic theory replaced by regulations, unequal distribution in the cytoplasm, and FATHER of totipotency/pluripotency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How did Hans Driesch found totipotency and pluripotency?

A

Separated cells at the two cell stage. One cell normally died, but the other cell survived and developed into a normal larva. Sometimes both survived and became individuals. This refutes nuclear determination, because it produced whole animals, not half. DNA is the same, but proteins and cytoplasm are different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hans Spemann

A

Proposed concept of induction, experimentally proved the concept in grafting experiments in amphibian embryos, he took small pieces of tissue and moved to other organisms and recorded what happened.
Hilde Mangold worked under Hans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gudrun Ruud

A

Pioneering work in regeneration and grafting, and work in salamander development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Kristine Bonnevie

A

Pioneer in chromosomal research, heredity, and inheritance.
Studies in polydactylism, dwarfism, and other disorders in isolated populations.
How do traits associate. Did bottleneck experiments on species and looked at what changed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Karl Ernst von Baer

A

Prolific in areas of evolution and embryology, discovered blastula stage and notochord, cofounder of germ layer theory, and von Baer Laws.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heinz Christian Pander

A

Cofounder of germ layer theory, chick development, and discovered conodonts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Joseph Needham

A

Chemical embryologist, investigated the concept of induction

18
Q

Gavin de Beer

A

An early evo-devo researcher, seminal work in heterochrony (Paedomorphosis) and homology, credited with integrating developmental biology into the modern synthesis

19
Q

Viktor Hamburger

A

Synonymous with chick development, “Hamburger-Hamilton Stages”, nerve growth.

20
Q

J.B.S. Haldane

A

Coined the term “cloning”, introduced primordial soup, work in genetics and genetic linkage, Haldane’s principle on size

21
Q

Ernest Everett Just

A

Pioneering work in invertebrates, fertilization, fast block to polyspermy, and parthenogenesis

22
Q

Edward B. Lewis

A

Pioneering work in Drosophila, Hox genes (Bithorax), and complementation test

23
Q

Rita Levi-Montalcini

A

Pioneer in chick development, focusing on nerve growth.

Discovered and isolated nerve growth factor

24
Q

Stanley Cohen

A

Pioneer in growth factors, isolated nerve growth factor, and discovered epidermal growth factor.

25
Q

Christiane Nusslein-Volhard

A

Nobel winner, Groundbreaking work in Drosophila, Chick, Zebrafish.
Hox, Hedgehog, Toll, and more she has had a hand in it.

26
Q

Haploinsufficiency and Semi-dominance

A

Often not revealed until stressed during development. Wild type normal, heterozygous mutant deformed, and homozygous mutant lethal.

27
Q

Recessive mutant

A

Often fatal. Wild type and heterozygous mutant are normal phenotypes with homozygous mutant leaving vestigial wings or fatal.

28
Q

3 embryonic germ layers

A

Ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and endoderm (internal layer). Cell movement places layers in correct position within cell. Active cell differentiation rapidly increases.
Zygote to blastula to gastrula to germ layers or germ cells.

29
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer surface, epidermal cells of skin, central nervous system, neuron of brain, neural crest, pigment cell (melanocyte).

30
Q

Mesoderm

A

Dorsal, notochord, paraxial, bone tissue, intermediate, tubule cell of the kidney, lateral, red blood cells, head, facial tissue.

31
Q

Endoderm

A

Digestive tube, stomach cell, pharynx, thyroid cell, respiratory tube, lung cell.

32
Q

Germ cell

A

Male sperm, female egg

33
Q

How can we be sure what cells contribute to larval, juvenile, and adult structures?

A

Lineage tracing. Dye staining on embryos and genetically modifying model organisms (transgenic DNA)

34
Q

In vivo

A

In a living organism

35
Q

In vitro

A

In the lab

36
Q

In situ

A

In the original place

37
Q

What did transplantation experiments allow?

A

Lineage tracing via chimeras. ex. Chick-Quail

38
Q

What can you add to sophisticate lineage tracing?

A

Fluorescent dyes

39
Q

Which theory and author was von Baer’s laws directly refuting?

A

Ernst Haeckel Recapitulation Theory (developmental stages recapitulate adult evolutionary stages)

40
Q

What do transitional forms do, both fossil and living?

A

Give insight into the changes in developmental processes over time and space.

41
Q

What do changes in form allow us to make predictions on?

A

How major phenotypics changes came to be, and test these hypotheses using model species.

42
Q

Homology

A
Denotes sameness.
Denotes inheritance (structures, organs, genes, etc.) through shared common ancestry. 
Ex. vertebrate forelimb, which is composed of the same bones in all vertebrates, regardless of function.
Structures that are similar due to function (convergent), but not shared inheritance, are analogous (homoplasious)