What is Cognitive Neuropsychology?

Question 1

Dissociation

Answer 1

Describes a situation where a person has the ability to perform one task and not the other, which means the processes are not connected.
Ex. Clive Wearing have very impaired working memory but he could always play instruments. –> He had a dissociation btw declarative and nondeclarative memory.

Question 2

Double Dissociation

Answer 2

Describes a situation where there are two patients – one that is impaired in cognitive function X, but can actively do task Y and a second that can complete task X but is impaired in task Y.
We would say there is a double dissociation between the two functions.
It is more reliable than a (single) dissociation.

Ex. There was a double dissociation with DF and AT.

Question 3

Association

Answer 3

A patient is impaired with task 1, and also impaired with other one(s).
These are not very reliable because there can be many reasons why the patient is impaired in more than one brain function.

Question 4

Cognitive NeuroPsychology

Answer 4

Focuses on cognitive functions and how they are carried out. Cognitive Neuropsychologists study people with brain damage to learn more about the brain.
Some examples of cog neuropsych include: 2 visual processes, object recognition and language comprehension.

Question 5

NeuroPsychology

Answer 5

Focuses on Brain Behavior
Exactly how the brain does tasks
Not focuses on Cognitive functions

Question 6

Vision-for-action system

Answer 6

• Deals with things in the present
• unconscious process
  DF was good at this process. She was able to put the block into the slot.
  AT had an impaired vision for action system. When they were asked to point at a dot that was presently shown, they were greatly impaired

Ex. Opening your fingers accurately to pick something up

AT and DF had a dissociation

Question 7

Vision-for-perception system

Answer 7

• conscious perception of the world
• make conscious judgements of the world about properties (of objects, people)
  **DF **could not identify the orientation of the slot.
  AT had an intact vision for perception system. Were able to accuratly point at where the dot was after 5 seconds from when it turned off.

ex. Determining height or size

AT and DF had a dissociation

Question 8

Modular View

Answer 8

Goodale and Milner theorized that there were two visual systems that used the same visual information for different purposes. The vision-for-perception system was a concious process that used the visual information to recognize and be able to say properties of things in the world around us. The vision-for-action system was an unconcious system that used the information to reach for, grasp, and avoid objects.

Question 9

Grip Aperature

Answer 9

How wide your fingers open when you’re reaching to grab something

Question 10

Optic Ataxia

Answer 10

gross spatial inaccuracy
Impairment in vision for action processes

AT had optic ataxia

Question 11

ABBA design

Answer 11

Experimental design in which two different tasks (A and B) are presented in the order A, B, B, A, to minimize effects of order of task presentation.

Question 12

agnosia

Answer 12

A deficit in which the patient is impaired in recognizing objects or other stimuli.

Question 13

Cerebral Achromatopsia

Answer 13

Impaired color vision resulting from damage to the brain

Question 14

Balint’s syndrome

Answer 14

A collection of symptoms, including optic ataxia and simultanagnosia, that may result from bilateral damage to the parietal lobes.

Question 15

Alexia

Answer 15

Impairment in reading

Question 16

Bilateral

Answer 16

Affecting both sides of the brain

Question 17

Cortical blindness

Answer 17

Blindness resulting from damage to the visual areas of the brain, as opposed to blindness resulting from damage to the eyes or to the pathways from eye to brain.

Question 18

Lesion

Answer 18

General term for tissue damage. A brain lesion is a site of damage in the brain

Question 19

Ipsilateral

Answer 19

On the same side. Contrasts with contralateral (which means on the opposite side).

Question 20

Motor

Answer 20

Adjective referring to movement; thus, the motor system is the set of brain regions, nerves, and muscles involved in producing movements.

Question 21

Neural Substrate

Answer 21

The brain tissue that underlies some ability
* as in the neural substrate for face recognition is probably in ventral posterior regions of the brain

Question 22

Medial

Answer 22

Toward the center or middle

Question 23

Prosopagnosia

Answer 23

impairment in the ability to recognize faces ( not due simply to poor vision)

Question 24

Prehension

Answer 24

The act of taking hold or grasping with the hand.

Question 25

Sagittal

R

Answer 25

Referring to the plane that divides the structure into left and right parts of the brain

Question 26

saccade (or saccadic eye movement)

Answer 26

• An eye movement in which the eyes jump quickly from
  one position to another, as when looking from one object to another.
• One of two major forms of eye movement (the other is smooth pursuit, in which the eyes continually track a
  moving object).

Question 27

Scotoma

Answer 27

A blind area in the visual field.

Question 28

visual agnosia

Answer 28

A deficit in recognizing visually-presented objects or other stimuli.

Question 29

Simultagnosia

Answer 29

Visual decifict in which the patient may be able to see and recognize details of an object/scene but cannot put them together to perceive the entire image.

Question 30

visuomotor control

Answer 30

Use of visual information to guide movement, as when reaching for a visible object.

Question 31

whole-body locomotion

Answer 31

Walking or running.

Question 32

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

TMS

Answer 32

Non invasive procedure for creating temporary disruption of functioning in a restricted brain area by applying one or more breif magnetic pulses bia a coil positioned near the scalp over the targeted brain area

Question 33

Visual Form Agnosia

Answer 33

Results from impairment in perceiving the shapes and/or other visual properties of objectss

For example: texture, orientation

Question 34

Visuospatial

Answer 34

Adjective refering to tasks, abilities, or cognitive processes that involve spatial information obtained through vision.
For example: judging whether two lines presented on a computer are parallel or convering would be a visuospatial task

Question 35

Ganglian

Answer 35

A clump of neuron cell bodies that are outside the central nervous system.

Question 36

Grey Matter

Question 37

White Matter

Question 38

Thalmus

Question 39

Nuclei

Answer 39

a group of grey matter inside the brain

Question 40

Neocortex

Answer 40

• Covers surface of brain
• made up of grey matter

Question 41

Frontal Lobe

Question 42

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 42

is in the frontal lobe, near the precentral Gyrus

Question 43

Primary Auditory cortex:

Answer 43

is in the temporal lobe, near the lateral/Sylvian Fissure/sulcus and the Rolandic/central sulcus/fissure.

Question 44

Primary visual Cortex:

Answer 44

In the occipital lobe

Question 45

Meningioma

Answer 45

A tumor in the meninges which is the outer layer of the brain.

Question 46

Basal Ganglia

Answer 46

The basal Ganglia is essential for voluntary movemets
It Includes:
Caudate
Amygdala
Thalamus
Globus Pallidus