What Is Art By Leo Tolstoy

Question 0

What is beauty to Baumgarten?

Answer 0

Beauty is the perfect (the absolute) recognized through the senses

Question 1

Who is the founder of aesthetics?

Answer 1

Baumgartem

Question 2

What is the highest aim of art, according to Baumgarten?

Answer 2

To copy nature

Question 3

What is kants conception of beauty?

Answer 3

Subjective:That which without practical advantage and reasoning pleases . Objective: the form of an object suitable forints purpose in so far as that object is perceived without any conception of its utility

Question 4

According to Fichte what is art?

Answer 4

The manifestation of a beautiful soul

Question 5

According to Schelling what is art?

Answer 5

The production or result of that conception of things by which the subject becomes it’s own object or the object it’s own subject

Question 6

According to Hegel what is beauty?

Answer 6

Beaty is the shining of the idea through matter

Question 7

What are two major definitions of beauty?

Answer 7

1. Beauty is something having an independent existence (manifestations of “god”)
2. A kind of pleasure received by us not having personal advantage for its object

Question 8

Why does Tolstoy think these two definitions amount to the same thing?

Answer 8

Both are that which pleases us without evoking desire

Question 9

Why is Tolstoy dissatisfied with both definitions?

Answer 9

Believes there is no objective definition

Question 10

Why does Tolstoy believe that all the foregoing theories of art are all inadequate?

Answer 10

Each definition is subjective and define only some traits if artistic productions

Question 11

Why are all of the common definitions of art inaccurate? How can the definition be made accurate?

Answer 11

In all of them the object considered is the pleasure art may give, and not the purpose if may serve in the life of man. For accuracy, we must cease to consider it as a means of pleasure ad start seeing it as one of the conditions of human life.

Question 12

According to Tolstoy what is art?

Answer 12

To evoke in oneself a feeling one has experienced by means of movements, lines, colors, sounds, or forms expressed in words so to transmit that feeling that others experience the same thing.

Question 13

On what does our estimation of the value of art depend?

Answer 13

Depends on men’s perception of the meaning of life, depends on what they hold to be the good and the evil of life

Question 14

After the crusades, what change in mental outlook occurred among the upper circles of European society?

Answer 14

They stopped continuing to believe the church teaching of Christ

Question 15

The upper classes of the Christian nations lost faith in church Christianity. What has been the result of this in the world of art?

Answer 15

Art became false (pg. 17 par. 3)

Question 16

According to Tolstoy what is the religious perception of our own time?

Answer 16

The consciousness that our well being, both material and spiritual, individual and collective, temporal and eternal, lies in the growth of brotherhood among men-in their living harmony with one another.

Question 17

What 3 factors determine the greatness of work of art

Answer 17

On the greater or lesser individuality of the feeling transmitted, clearness with which the feeling is transmitted, and the sincerity of the artist.

Question 18

What is a major characteristic that distinguishes true art?

Answer 18

The infectiousness of art

Question 19

What three feelings form almost the whole subject matter of the art of the rich classes?

Answer 19

The feeling of pride, sexual desire, feeling of weariness of life

Question 20

What does Tolstoy conclude from the fact that much of modern art is incomprehensible to the ordinary person?

Answer 20

It only proves their insufficient development

Question 21

What historical factors led to today’s popular view that art is based on pleasure and beauty?

Answer 21

The slavery of the working class whose bondage enables a tiny minority to produce works to amuse the rich