What is an attribution Flashcards
Influence decisions we make, how we think, feel and behave
What are the 3 attributions we can make
- Dispositional
- Situational
- Interaction
Dispositional?
Behavior occurred because this is the persons personality
Situational
Behavior occurred because of the external circumstances
Interactional
Situation we are in and our personality interact w eachother
what is an attribution
influences decisoons we make, how we think, feel and behave
The fundamental attribution error
Sometimes filled w errors and bias. The error is when we explain the behavior of other people, we tend to make dispositional attributions and disregard situational factors
Actor observer bias
Make diff attributions on ourself than others.
As actor, we more likely take into account situational fcators when explainign behvaiors of others and obersvers are more liekly yo take in dispositional sttributions
Self serving bias
Explain failures successes weaknesses and strengths
Success: Internal dispositional attributions
Failures: situational
False concensus effect
Tends to believe that people feel the same interests as us more than they actually do
Self fulfilling prophecies
Belief and assumptions become realoty bc of our own behaviors
What are the 3 steps to SFP
- We believe something
- We behave inline w our belief
3> because of our behaviors, our belief becomes reality
Social script
A step by step sequence we must follow in a certain situation
Whats the differnce between individualistic cultures and collectivistic cultures
individual: The individual is considered to be more important than the group
Collectivistic: The group is more important than the individuals
What is conformity
Modify our behaviors and attitudes so thyre inline w a specific group
Who was the person who asked the question about conformity and what was it?
Solomon Asch.
Would we continue to conform when the opinion of the group is clearly wrong
What are the 10 reasons we would conform?
- unanimous
- ouloud
- ambiguous
- doubt
- admire
- low self esteem
- locus of control
- collectivistic cultures
- women
- teenagers
What is normative social influence
When we want to be liked by the group and not rejected
Informational social influence
When the situation is ambiguous and we dont know what is oging on we tend to go to the group b/c we want to be right
Who was the psychologist who started research on groupthink
Irving Janis!!!!!!
What is groupthink
Dysfunctional way of think tha occurs in a group. Occur when the top priority is the group leader and maintaining group harmony, the result is they will go to whatever is proposed
How do you counteract groupthink
Have a leader who encourages critical thinking, appoint a member of the group to be devils advocate
Who is the person that asked the question about obedience and what was the question?
How far will we go? Stanley Milgram
Phillip Zimbardo
Conducted one of the most dangerous and controversial experiments; the Stanford prison experiment. It explores social roles and power of situation. (even good people can be bad in certain situations)
What are the 4 predispositional attitudes?
positive, negative, ambivalent or neutral
What is cognitive
Thoughts beliefs and emotions
What does foot in the door mean
Making a small request, once the person accepts, we hit them with a larger request which is the one we are really after
Why do actions change our attitudes
cognitive dissonance theory. the person is festinger
Cognitive Dissonance theory
When we notice a discerption between our action and attitudes, which makes us feel uncomfortable and we want to get rid of it. We do this by changing our attitudes to make our behavior
What is geographical proximity
Most important factors in interpersonal attraction (meeting people and encountering them )
What is the effect with geographical proximity
The mere exposure effect
Physical attractiveness
When we think someone is attractive we associate them with higher social values even when we dont know them
Reciprocity of liking
We like people who like us, it makes us feel good
Why are we more attracted to people who are similar to us
They are similar to us and we think more stable in the stable in the relationship
What is aggression and what are the types
Aggression is behavior that is indented to hurt harm or destroy
Verbal, physical, online
What are the two functions of aggression and explain
- Instrumental: When we aggress to get something else (kill someone to get money)
- Hostile: When we aggress just to hurt others because we are either angry or upset
What are the reasons we aggress
- Genetics such as identical and fraternal twins
- Brain
- Hormones such as testosterone and stress hormone’s (high levels)
- Aversive events
- Intense physical pain (intense heat, crowded areas)
- Learning
- Culture (eg: some cultures value violence and aggression more than others)
Why does violence in the media affect why we aggress
Violence in the media can desensitize us to violence in real life
Less empathy for victims, more lenient towards perpetrators
Nature and nurture
Genetic deficiency and maltreatment in childhood more likely to engage in antisocial and aggressive behaviors later
More likely if we only experienced ONE of them
What is prosocial behavior
Any behavior done w the intention to help someone regardless of the motivation
What is altruism
A form of a prosocial behavior; when we only help because we care. we are not looking to get anything out of it
what is reciprocity norm and reciprocal altruism
you do something for me i will do something for you
Reciprocal altruism is based off of reciprocity norm
what is the bystander effect
when someone needs help and other people are around as individuals we are less likely to step up and help then if we were alone
this is a robust phenomenon
why do we fall prey to the bystander effect
- diffusion of responsibility - when other people are around we think our help isn’t needed
- informational social influence- we tend to turn to others to see what to do
- pluralistic ignorance- we look for others to give us signs on what to do- see them doing nothing, we do nothing and vise versus
what are the 3 steps as a bystander
first- we must notice something is going on
second- must determine it is an emergency and help is needed
third- decide to take responsibility if help is needed
what is compliance
us going along with a request that is made to us
what are the two types of requests that people make
direct and manipulation
what are the 3 manipulation tactics
- foot in the door
- door in the face- start large request, they deny, make smaller one which is the one we wanted
- lowballing- make an offer that is hard to resist, once we say yes we hit them with hidden cost
what is abnormal psychology
scientific study of mental illness the causes, treatments, preventions
how many of us suffer from a mental illness within a year
26%
how many of us suffer from a mental illness within a lifetime
46%
why do people not seek and what is the percentage
more than 50%
- help not available
- expensive
-don’t know they are struggling with one or can get help
what is the stigma with mental illness
most important reason we don’t seek help, afraid to be judged negatively or rejected socially
what is MSS
medical student syndrome
they start self diagnosing
what are the 4Ds
- deviant
- dysfunctional
- distressing
- dangerous
what is the purpose of the 4Ds
professionals use the 4Ds to determine if an individuals behaviors is normal or not
The demonic model
-oldest model
-most people believed that those with a mental illness we posed by an evil spirit by the devil
-they used trepanation to release the evil spirits by drilling holes in their head
the medical model
-occurred in the renaissance in Europe
-started to shift our thinking to mental illness from evil possession
what did pinel do
one of the most known reformers when it came to treatment of the mentally ill, he advocated for a kind treatment for them
how did syphilis consolidate the medical model
it is an STI, left untreated you end up with serious cognitive challenges and causes mental illnesses
what are the limitations of the medical model
focuses only on biological factors and disregards other factors
what is the biopsychosocial perspective
- considers both nature and nurture
-looks at biological factors, psychological factors, social and cultural factors
what is the DSM
-the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
-reference for mental health professionals and organizes psychological disorders
what is the criticism over DSM
it has too many psychological disorders where the third of us can qualify for them, relies heavily on the medical model, some categories are unreliable
what are the negative and positive affects with labeling somebody
negative- biasing power and once we put a label on someone we start seeing everything they do as a filter of the label
positive- likely to feel relief because there is an explanation from what they have been struggling with, people around them become more supportive and speeds up communication between professionals
when do neurodevelopment disorders appear
at birth or shortly after
how do you characterize a neuro development disorder
a disruption of the functioning of the central nervous system and development leaving children with a bunch of challenges
what are the two types of spectrum
level of severity and development
what are the symptoms of autism
- social ex. looking into peoples eyes
- emotional ex .difficulty showing emotions
- cognitive- difficulty with attention, flexibility, perspective
- abnormal reactions- may overreact, underreact or not at all
- interest- few activities they like they complete over and over again
- sameness- they love routines and are attached to them
schizophrenia
symptoms may differ in severity and in combination from one person to the next
what is schizophrenia linked with
profound distortion with cognition, perception, behavior
how many of us are likely to be diagnosed with schizo
1/100
what is known as the cancer of mental illness
schizo
what gender is more likely to get schizo
men
positive symptoms of schizo
positive- something is added
1. delusions- highly irrational beliefs that have no basis
2. hallucinations - perceptions without sensations (most common auditory)
3. disorganized thinking- cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is not
4. disorganized emotions- inappropriate emotions
5. disorganized behaviors
6. disorganized speech
7. attention
8. catatonia- enter into a body position, stay there for hours or days
negative symptoms of schizo
negative- something is removed
1. ability to express emotions is flat
2. avolition- severe reduction and motivation
3. speech- very slow and monotonous
4. Alogia- no speech at all
5. attentional deficits- drift away four hours at a time
6. social withdraw
what are the cognitive deficits on schizo
working memory is loss
what are the symptoms major depressive disorder
- sad mood
- loss of interest or pleasure in activities
- change in appetite
- sleep troubles
- physical slowness
- energy loss
- feelings of worthlessness
- difficulty thinking
- physical aches and pains
- recurring thoughts or death or suicide
what happens during bipolar manic disorder
we cycle between two extreme moods (mania and depression)
mania symptoms
- increased energy
- excessive euphoric mood
- extreme irritability
- over talkative
- distractibility
- unrealistic belief in ones power
- increased sex drive
- drug abuse
- aggressive behavior
- psychotic episodes
what is hyopmania
a milder form of bipolar disorder, we do not experience psychotic episodes but we do experience all the other symptoms just less intense
what are the levels of bipolar disorder
Bipolar 1: alternating between major depression and mania
Bipolar 2: alternating between major depression and hypomania
Cyclothymic disorder: alternating between mild depression and hypomania
what is the difference between adaptive and maladaptive anxiety
adaptive gets us moving to reach our goals
maladaptive is uncontrollable and persistent and interferes with our function in everyday life
what are anxiety disorders
group of disorders that have one thing in common: maladaptive anxiety
what is agoraphobia
afraid to be in a public place but not afraid of the place itself because of this we become prisoners in our own home and overly dependent on other people
what is the main features of OCD
maladaptive severe anxiety, obsessions and compulsions
what are obsessions
highly irrational thoughts, uncontrollable, persistent and intrusive, they can cause us a great deal of anxiety cause they repeat over and over again
what are compulsions
feeling driven and compelled to repeat a behavior or a mental action, usually done to in the response to obsessions we have
what is hoarding disorder
we tend to have a compulsion to save things and have difficulty getting rid of anything we saved
how could trauma or stressor disorders develop
could develop after we experience a trauma or stress
what is the difference between direct and vicarious
direct: your on the plane that is crashing
vicarious: watching plane fall
what are the 4 main symptoms of PTSD
- reliving the trauma over and over again: nightmares, flashbacks
- arousal and reactivity: always on the lookout for danger
- avoidance: avoid people who might trigger it
- cognitive and moods: think poorly of ourselves and have major mood changes
how do dissociative disorder develop
trauma
what are the main symptoms of dissociative disorder
we detach from our memories and identities (memory loss, depersonalization, derealization, identity)
how do we develop dissociative identity disorder
if we undergo childhood trauma
what occurs when someone has dissociative disorder
we dissociate from our own identity, do not have multiple personalities we only have one that has shattered (subpersonalities)
what are the different interactions between subpersonalities
- not be aware of each other
- may be aware of and communicate while others dislike each other
- some may be aware some may not
what is somatic disorder
when you experience physical symptoms you tend to have a overexaggerated response
the symptoms could be real our brought on by the placebo affect
what did the factitious disorder used to be known as
Munchausen syndrome
when are you diagnosed with factitious
adulthood
two types of factitious disorder
- imposed on oneself: intentially go out of our way to crate symptoms in ourself or pretend to be il
- imposed on another: caregiver of someone, go out of our way to make them display illness
why is imposed on another hard to diagnose
- individuals with this disorder may appear loving towards the person they are caring for
- when they know that someone is suspicious they stop bringing the patient to that doctor and go to a different one
- when confronted they deny everything
when are eating disorder’s and feeding disorders diagnosed
eating disorders are diagnosed during adolescence and feeding disorders are diagnosed during adulthood
What is anorexia
Terrified of being fat and going to extremes to avoid it. Starving yourself to lose the weight
What is ARFID
Not scared of being fat, but something about the food makes it distressing fir us to eat it
What is bulimia nervosa
Binge eating episodes, consuming alot of calories in one sitting and afterwards feeling guilty and scared to gain weight, force yourself to vomit or taking laxatives or exercising for hours at a time
What is a binge eating disorder
Go on binge eating episodes. After, we feel bad but we do not force ourself to lose the weight we gained
What is disruptive impulse control and conduct disorder
it happens at childhood, more boys are diagnosed. The behaviors are anger, aggression and destruction
What is a personality disorder
The typical ways we think feel and behave are maladaptive and can be distressing to others. Not likely to seek help. Think the problem resides in other people
How many personality disorder are there
10
What are the different clusters for personality disorders
Cluster A: Known as the odd cluster
Cluster b: Known as the dramatical or emotional cluster
Cluster c: The fearful or anxious cluster
What are the symptoms of borderline personality disorder
- tend to experience chronic instability accross different areas of life
- emotions are intense and uncontrollable
- may move from one to the next fast
- experience bouts of anger, rage and depression that could last for hours
- have pervasive feelings of emptiness
- Terrified of abandonment and rejection (go out of our way to make sure it doesn’t happen)
- Poor impulse control, we do destructive things
- Cut ourselves
- suicide
What is BPD
part of cluster b
what are the 3 biological perspectives
- behavioral genetics
- neurological perspective
- evolutionary perspective
What is behavioral gentics perspective
Examines the degree to which contributions from certain inherited biological factors interact w environmental factors to determine the expression of certain personality traits in different groups
What is the neurological perspective
examines the extent to which various psychological factors and brain activity determine the expression of certain personality characteristics
what are the 2 challenges of the evolutionary perspective
survival and reproductive success
What is trait perspective
focuses on identifying and prescribing and measuring specific traits to make up human personality
Eysenck’s trait theory: 3 factor theory
Consists of 4 trait dimensions
1: extroversion
2: introversion
3: neuroticism emotional stability
4: Cytocism impulse control
What is neurocitism
touchy, restless, moody and anxious
cytocism
anti social, impulsive, cold, aggressive, and unconcerned about the rights of others
What is the 5 factor model
A measure that identified 5 distinct components of personality
what are the 5 components of personality
1: openness(intelligent)
2: consciousness (efficient)
3: extroversion/sociability (adventurous)
4: Agreeableness (kind)
5: Neuroticism (anxious)
psychometrician
someone who assess and understand the various measures of validity and reliability
What is Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
An objective personality that assess both personality traits in the presence of mental illness. It is the most widely used objective personality measure used by trained psychologists
How many dimensions of personality in mmpi
TEN
What is electrophysiological measures
inferences abt personality that are linked to bodily processes such as heart rate and skin condition
