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Path lV CNS3&4 > What he said > Flashcards

What he said Flashcards

1
Q

MC brain tumor in adults

A

METS

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2
Q

What are red neurons?

A

dying neurons dt sustained hypoxia

  • vacuolated
  • eosinophilia of cytoplasm
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3
Q

Red Neurons are seen in what dz?

A

cerebral infarction aka stroke

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4
Q

MC cause of thrombotic occlusion in the brain? (this causes an ischemic stroke)

A

atherosclerosis

- of course, smoking is a risk factor

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5
Q

What is the most malignant form of astrocytoma?

A

GBM, Glioblastoma Multiforme

- this is the worst dx of primary brain tumors

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6
Q

Glioblastoma Histo

A

high cellularity, anaplasia, nuclear anaplasia…. increase in mitotic figures

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7
Q

What brain lesion looks like a butterfly (S-shaped) that crosses the corpus

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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8
Q

After 12-24 hrs of a stroke (cerebral infarct), what will the brain look like, grossly?

A
  • “blurring of grey-white junction”

- also, discoloration, softening, edema

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9
Q

MC brain tumor in children?

A

astrocytic tumors

  • Glioblastoma!
  • then, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma
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10
Q

4 major classes of primary brain tumors:

A
  1. meningioma
  2. glioma
  3. neuronal
  4. poorly differentiated
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11
Q

what are some gliomas?

A

astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma

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12
Q

Ependymomas are usually located where?

A
  • line the ventricles! of the brain

- but after 20 yo, more often found in spinal cord

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13
Q

MC vessel affected in cerebral vascular stroke? (like thrombotic occlusion in ischemic stroke)

A

middle cerebral artery

- (this vessel comes off the carotid)

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14
Q

Which is worse? Ischemic or Hemorrhagic stroke?

A

hemorrhagic (specifically intracerebral), but less common

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15
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

thin wall out-pouching in the circle of Willis

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16
Q

Most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

rupture of a berry aneurysm

- remember that med student w the acute severe HA, then died

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17
Q

MC type of vascular malformation in the brain that is clinically significant?

A

Arteriovenous malformations

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18
Q

what type of hematoma of head usu dt trauma - blood from middle meningeal artery accumulates bet dura and skull

A

Epidural Hematoma

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19
Q

What type of hematoma in the head occurs when bridging veins between the brain and superior sagittal sinus are damaged and usually occurs in the fronto-parietal region of the cerebrum?

A

sub-dural hematoma

  • bet dura and arachnoid
  • crescent shaped
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20
Q

What types of hemorrhage do arteriovenous malformations cause?

A

intracerebral or subarachnoid

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21
Q

MC cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

HTN

vs. trauma

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22
Q

Which brain tumor is the most common of the poorly differentiated (looks embryonal), usu in cerebellum, and 20% of all brain tumors of children?

A

Medulloblastoma

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23
Q

tumor cells are small, ovoid, slightly elongated w high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio

A

Medulloblastoma

24
Q

What the usually causes of cerebral infarction dt ischemia and hemorrhage?

A
  • ischemic stroke is usu dt atherosclerosis

- hemorrhagic stroke is usu dt HTN

25
Q

Which is MC? ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke?

A

ischemic stroke

26
Q

if you’re suspicious of a stroke, what imaging to do?

A

CT first (blood is opaque), then MRI

27
Q

What is Central Pontine Myelinolysis?

A

usu iatrogenic - overly rapid correction of hyponatremia - demyelinating dz

28
Q

Cerebellar and brainstem stroke are usu dt problems with what arteries?

A

vertebral and basilar

29
Q

What is Hypertensive Encephalopathy?

A

Acute rise in BP causing an increase in intracranial pressure –> HA, confusion, V, convulsions, coma, death

30
Q

In children, 70% of brain tumors are located ____ the tentorium whereas in adults, 70% are found _____ the tentorium.

A
  • below

- above

31
Q

What is a Basal skull fracture?

A

a type of linear skull fracture - petrus portion of temporal bone - leaks spinal fluid from ear

32
Q

MC skull fracture

A

Linear - dt severe head injury

33
Q

you will see Raccoon’s eyes and/or Battle’s sign in what kind of skull fracture?

A

Basilar skull fracture

Battle’s sign - mastoid ecchymosis

34
Q

Epidural Hematoma assoc w damage to what artery?

A

MMA, Middle Meningeal Artery

35
Q

MC cause of Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s Dz

  • death of nerve cells in brain
  • MC form is late-onset (>65 yo)
36
Q

Alzheimer’s Dz, the MC cause of Dementia, is associated with what characteristic abN found in the brain?

A

Amyloid plaques (OUTSIDE) and Neurofibrillary tangles (INSIDE)

37
Q

MC form of Alzheimer’s Dz

A

late-onset (vs early, familial)

38
Q

Vascular Dementia is also known as?

A

Multi-infarct Dementia, MID —> low blood flow leading to damaged cells and loss of neuronal fx - cystic infarcts

39
Q

Vascular Dementia or MID imaging shows?

A
  • cystic infarcts
  • increased ventricular size
  • diminished vol of grey and white matter
40
Q

What is Pick’s Dz?

A

uncommon dementia affecting frontal and temporal lobes

41
Q

atrophy of brain looks “knife-like” is characteristic of what kind of dementia?

A

Pick’s Dz

42
Q

What lobes are affected in Pick’s Dz?

A

frontal, temporal

43
Q

What areas of the brain are affected in Parkinson’s Dz?

A

pigmented

- substantia nigra, locus ceruleus

44
Q

Lewy Bodies are associated with?

A

Parkinson’s with dementia

  • found within cytoplasm of neurons in the brain
  • a ddx for Alzheimer’s
45
Q

What is the MC demyelinating Dz?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

46
Q

dt infx by JC virus?

A

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, PML, a demyelinating dz

47
Q

Are meningiomas usu malignant or benign?

A
  • benign
  • adults
  • in arachnoid, attached to dura
48
Q

Are Gliomas usu malignant or benign?

A

they are malignant

- MC primary tumor the brain (astrocytoma)

49
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient Ischemic Attack
- preceding an ischemic stroke dt complete occlusion of a cerebral vessel, TIA’s or transient neurologic sxs are clinical markers for an increased risk of cerebral infarction

50
Q

What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US?

A

stroke

- also the 3rd leading cause of major disability

51
Q

What is Gliosis?

A

reactive proliferation of astrocytes in response to damage of the CNS —> can lead to a glial scar

52
Q

Macroscopic view of brain after cerebral infarct?

A

diffuse edema, narrowed sulci, widened gyri

53
Q

When will you see vacuolated neurons and eosinophilia of neuronal cytoplasm dt cerebral infarction?

A

first 12-24hrs after infarct

54
Q

When will you see infiltration of a cerebral infarct by neutrophils at edges of the lesion?

A

after ~24hrs

55
Q

When will you see increased # of m0 following a cerebral infarct?

A

1-14d

Path lV CNS3&4 (1 decks)

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