What has the trend been for the use of global health vs international health? Flashcards
Global health has been increasing steadily since the 1960s, and international health has been fluctuating but decreasing recently.
What are the predecessors of global health?
- Colonial health (19th-20th century)
- Topical health (late 19th century to 20th century
- International health (20th century)
What is colonial medicine?
Health in European colonies - health of colonized and mainly colonizers
(this was defined by geography and power relations)
What is tropical health?
Health in tropical places (defined by geography)
What is international health?
Health work abroad, typically used to describe practice or research in developing countries; often linked to economic development projects
What is the trend for global health vs. international health?
Global health has been increasing since the 1960s, international health is fluctuating but decreasing overall
What is global health?
Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
On a global scale, it is the whole of something, and it implies moving beyond boundaries. It describes a health issue that is bigger than the country’s systems can support/deal with on its own.
How is global health used in practice?
- preventative/ community based focus
- developing countries and vulnerable populations
- Attention to equity and social justice
- Importance of social structures
- collaboration on multiple fronts
What are the characteristics of Ebola that influences the response and consequences to the outbreak?
- high fatality rate
- no approved treatment for it as of yet
- continued risk of transmission even after treatment
- highly stigmatized disease
What are the characteristics of the CONTEXT that influenced response to ebola?
- individual behavior: hand washing, social interaction
- culture: burial practices
- lack of economic resources
- unsophisticated health care systems
- history of conflict making the disease difficult to decrease
- resulted in high rates of orphanhood
Is Ebola a global health problem? Why?
YES, the context of the issue was beyond the realm of what the states could deal with on their own
What were the immediate health consequences of the tsunami and where were they felt?
Tsunami: results were immediate; countries in SEA were impacted, about 183,000 deaths, there was a lot of damage to land and physical infrastructure, Relatively few injured survivors because most deaths are from drowning
What were the long term consequences of the tsunami?
- infrastructure rebuilding
- little to no long term injuries
Who responded to the natural disasters and how?
- the immediate response is primarily local but local leaders died in both natural disasters
- foreign governments and private citizens intervened
How can we think about the social causes of a natural disaster?
- little to no early warning systems in tsunami
- look at inequality and where people were affected more. people with little resources often faced more damage and death
What were the short term consequences of the earthquake?
- immediate loss of life, displacement of people, destruction of infrastructure
- trauma and mental health issues
- health problems related to living in temporary housing (poor sanitation, sexual violence)
What are the long term consequences of the earthquake?
-largely unsuccessful economic development
Social consequences of tsunami
- more women than men died
- death rates for women and children are lower in households with more prime age men
- women and men were more likely to have died if their spouse died
- if son died, parents were more likely to die but not for daughters
- overall both men and women tried to save other family members
What are the long term consequences of the tsunami?
- resolution of political conflict
- largely successful economic recovery
Is it more appropriate to study female genital cutting as a health issue or as a human rights issue?
human rights issue because it was largely unsuccessful as a health issue
- bodily integrity
- freedom from violence
Why is FGMC practiced?
- origins unknown
- religious requirements
- to protect women purity
- to mark social adulthood
Theories of FGMC
- Modernization theory
- Feminist Theory
- Social norms theory
Negative outcomes associated with FGMC
- negative mental health
- short term consequences like infection, bleeding, and shock
- long term bladder and uni infections, poor maternal/infant health outcomes
- exact prevalence is hard to determine
FGMC comparison to other global health issues? Acute or chronic?
Chronic, problem initially defined by outsiders
Modernization theory
- Why?: FGMC practiced because men own land and resources, and women gain access via marriage
- as economic production shifts away from family lineage based, individuals will become less important on land through marriage and it will be come less important
- predictors of change: education, wage labor, urbanization
Feminist theory
- why?: its a way of controlling women sexuality
- persists cus women need to be cut in order to get married
- as women’s roles shift and women gain alternate routes to economic and social support, FGMC will decline
- predictors of change: women education and employment, later marriage and lower birth rates
Social norms theory
- Why?: it is a social norm where it is practiced, people do it because its expected
- social costs of breaking the norm is high for marriage
- if parents think their daughters will be okay not circumcised then they will stop, one tipping point is reached change will happen quickly
- predictors of change: strength of community norms about circumcision, marriage pool for uncircumcised women
Efforts toward abandoning FGMC in the colonial period
-huge backlash and it increased due to independence and national identity from colonizers
Efforts toward abandoning FGMC in early national and international actions
- Feminist activism in 70s from US and Europeans
- WHO involvement in 70s and 80s, 1979 Khartoum Seminar human rights addition
- Unicef and UNFPA involved gradually
Approaches to addressing FGMC - medicalization
early on it was a health consequence, and this wasn’t effective. increased medicalization and so it moved to infancy and doctors doing it
Approaches to addressing FGMC - human rights
- combination of local groups, international orgs, and national governments
- interventions on education, alternative rituals like pricking, women empowerment, public pledges in community