What Factors Strengthened Apartheid Or 'separate Development' In The Years 1960-68? Flashcards
Economic recovery
Grew quickly after Second World War
Faster than Europe but not as fast as similar economies
Very dependent on mining and agriculture
Low levels of productivity and acute skill shortages hampered diversification- partially due to discriminatory education system
Impact of the domestic economy of black SAs
Employment in manufacturing doubles between 51-75
More white collar and private sector work
No longer simply manual labourers
Couldn’t control whites and some jobs reserved for whites
No plumbers or electricians
Surge in population and economic opportunity
Impact of economic recovery on white SAs
Jobs could be reserved
Whites benefit more
White immigrants brought skills and would immediately benefit
60s best time
Income increase of 50% and average 12x black income
Increasingly live in suburbs
Car production and ownership increase
Native building workers act 1951
Paid less
Use African workers on African housing
The burgeoning townships and African women
New urban African communities as old ones were destroyed
Saving clubs
Social change for women
Able to assert new freedom in 50s and 60s
Domestic servants, factory work, informal sector, selling beer, running small businesses
Jobs opening up in municipal services (teaching and nursing) for educated women
Barriers to high education still formidable
Drum magazine
Fashionable people and urban styles
Celebrated African prowess and masculinity such as boxing or football
Racy covers broke the mould
Social freedoms and apartheid
Not as a result but gains made in spite of
Apartheid did ensure peace
Consumer culture for races
1959 Bantu Self Government Act
Transform homelands into self governing African states within SA
own govt, bureaucracy and infrastructure
Transkei largest contiguous area of African settlement
Transkei self govt
Rewarded with significant funding from Pretoria and provided a model of development
Brought considerable economic benefits and opportunities for employment to a rising rural middle class
Diplomatic ties of the 60s
Within Africa, position became more isolated
Vorster offers trade relations, technical training and economic advice to gain relations with African countries
Diplomatic ties maintained with western powers despite AAM and UN
Little economic pressure exerted despite sharpeville being condemned
SA booming economy remained attractive to Western investors
Vorsters use of police powers
Overseen increase in police powers
Steered ever tighter security legislation through parliament
Given legal authority to detain suspects
Terrorism Act 1967 could detain suspects without trial indefinitely
John Vorster Square 1968
Location for numerous acts of violence against those suspected of political affiliations
Torture, disfigurement and sustained abuse used to garner info from suspects
Eight detainees lost lives during detention there
Assassination of Verwoerd
1966
Succeeded by B J Vorster
