What do we eat? Supply and Demand Flashcards
What are eating behaviours usually dependent on?
- Environment
- Cultural events
What is the relationship between deprivation and fast food places?
- Highly deprived area usually means more fast food places
Give examples of starch carbohydrates
Bread, potatoes, rice, pasta, cereals
Give examples of intrinsic sugars
- Within the cell
- Fruits (fuller for longer)
Give examples of extrinsic sugars
- Not in cell
- Table sugar, honey, lactose in milk
Give examples of fibres
- Insoluble- bran and whole wheat
- Soluble- fruit, oats, seeds
Give examples of animal protein
- Meat, poultry, milk, eggs
Give examples of plant protein
- Soya, nuts, seeds, pulses
Give examples of saturated fats
- Meat
- Skin of poultry
Give examples of unsaturated fats
- Avocados
- Nuts
- Oily fish
On what levels is food intake measured?
- Population level
- Community level
- Individual level
Why measure food take at a population level?
- To measure changes over time
- To compare real intakes to RNIs
- When food is in short supply
- To make recommendations
- To compare to other countries with relation to disease rates
- When considering the case for fortification of foods
Why measure food intake at an individual level?
- To make recommendations for health or for goals
How would you measure food intake at a population level?
- Food balance sheets
- Household surveys
- National diet and nutrition surveys
- Supermarket records
What food assessment methods can be used at an individual level?
- Food diary or record
- 24 hour recall
- Diet history
- Food frequency questionnaire
How accurate are food intake measurement methods?
- Require a high degree of skill and care
- Errors introduced at each stage of assessment
- Inaccuracies can occur through forgetfulness, changing eating habits, assumptions, estimation of portion size
What is the equation for energy balance?
Energy intake- energy expenditure = change in body energy stores
Where do excess nutrients get stored?
- Sugar- glycogen in liver and muscle
- Fat- adipose tissue
- Calcium- bones
How is the body mass index (BMI) calculated?
Weight in kg/ height in metres squared
What complications are involved with obesity?
- CHD
- Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
- Cancer
- Osteoarthritis
- Gallstones
- Sleep apnoea
- Reproductive disorders
- Psychological disorders
- Social penalties
What is the relationship between leptin and obesity?
- Leptin deficiency is a rare cause of obesity
- Obesity associated with high not low leptin conc.
- Circulating leptin conc. positively correlated with body weight, BMI and body fat
- Adipose tissue leptin mRNA higher in obese than non-obese
- High leptin should suppress appetite and obese individuals
- Desensitisation for leptin signal
Why does leptin resistance occur in obese people?
- Leptin transport across blood-brain barrier is a saturable system
- Abnormalities at level of leptin receptor activation and/or signal transduction
What are the causes of obesity
- Genetics
- Metabolic factors
- Macronutrient balance
- Dietary factors
- Appetite control
- Food choice and eating patterns
- Psychological factos
- Physical inactivity
Why is physical activity decreasing nowadays?
- Fewer occupations classified as very active
- Increased use of computers and other technology at work (and leisure)
- Physical activity in childhood is declining (TV and computer games)
- Child safety- decline in playing outside
- Leisure activities may be more important than occupation
Why is obesity a significant health challenge in developed and developing nations?
- Supply and demand
- Mismatch in energy balance can result in malnutrition
