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Biology 1113 > What are You Made of? > Flashcards

What are You Made of? Flashcards

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1
Q

Macromolecule=_________

A

polymers–long molecule made of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

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2
Q

The individual building blocks of polymers are called?

A

monomers

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3
Q

Building and Breaking Down Polymers

How does building occur? What is another name for it?

A

Monoers

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4
Q

What are the four classes that all large biological molecules are made of?

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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6
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a building block of a polymer. Variety is effectively limitless.

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7
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Building

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8
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Break down

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9
Q

Monomers are linked by covalent bonds formed through a _____________. What occurs when this happens?

A

Dehydration reaction.

A water molecule is lost.

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10
Q

Polymers are disassembled back to monomers through_________. What does this do?

A

Hydrolysis- addition of water molecule

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11
Q

Dehydration: New bond formed by___________.
Hydrolysis: Bond is broken by___________.

A

removing

adding

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and polymers of sugars.

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates classified by?

A

The number of building blocks.
monosacc-1
disacc-two
polysacc-many

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14
Q

What are monosaccs?

A

Simple sugars

  • water soluble and sweet
  • most have chem formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
  • Glucose is the most common.
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15
Q

How can monosaccharides be classified?

A
  • location of carbonyl group
  • length of carbon skeleton
  • arrangement around asymmetric carbons
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16
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides joined by covalent bond (glycosidic linkage)

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17
Q

What are polysaccharides?

What are they used for?

A

A few hundred to thousands of monosacs joined by glycosidic linkages.
Storage and structure

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18
Q

Storing polysacs:

What do we do with an excess of glucose?

A

-Store it to use later when none is available.

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19
Q

What is a starch?

A

Polymer of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 linkages
Plants
Represents stored enerfy

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20
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • Polymer of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 linkages
  • Highly branched
  • Animals (stored in livers and muscles)
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21
Q

What is chitin?

A

Structural Polysaccharide.

  • component of exoskeleton of athropods
  • polymer of modified glucose molecules
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22
Q

What is cellulose?

A
  • Structural polysac
  • component of plant cell walls-100 billion tons per year
  • polymer of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages
  • it never branches
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23
Q

What are some of the differences between starch and celluose?

A

-not nutritionally equivalent because body can’t break down cellulose as body lacks enzymes needed to break these bonds–>it passes indigested.

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24
Q

Why are lipids grouped together?

A

they don’t mix with water-hydrophobic

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25
Q

T/F Fats are polymers

A

False-fats are not actually polymers

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26
Q

What are fats constructed from?

A

Glycerol

Fatty Acid

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27
Q

Fats are commonly known as __________?

A

triglycerides

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28
Q

What does saturated vs unsaturated refer to?

A

-Structure of hydrocarbon chains

29
Q

If there are no double bonds between carbon atoms, then the structure is ________________with hydrogen (contains as many H atoms as possible)

A

Saturated

30
Q

If one (or more) double bonds are present then their is one fewer H on each double-bonded carbon so it is ____________

A

Unsaturated

31
Q

Based on structure-how do saturated and unsaturated fats pack together?

A

-saturated: build up/block arteries–bad for heart

unsaturated–things you need

32
Q

What is an essential fatty acid? What are some examples?

A
  • Body can’t produce them on its own

ex: omega 3, –fish, walnut, avocado

33
Q

What is trans fat? How is it made?

A

most often man made
unsaturated—->add hydrogen atoms—–>trans fat
solid at room temperature
hydrogenization– oil to solid.. changing molecule to make it last longer
unsaturated —> add hydrogen, body doesn’t recognize these bonds–> they circle in the blood stream: contribute to health problems

34
Q

What are phospholipids?What does the phospholipid bilayer do?

A

Similar to fat molecule– only have 2 fatty acids
2 ends show different behavior to water
—> forms boundary between cell and external environment

35
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer the ______group likes water?

A

Phosphate

36
Q

What are steroids characterized by?

A
  • carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings

- —distinguished by the different chem groups attached to the rings

37
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

-important component of cell membrane
-precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
sex hormones- (est and testosterone)

38
Q

What does HDL do?

A

Removes LDL from bloodstream

39
Q

What does LDL do?

A

Clog arteries (plaque)

40
Q

What does increased HDL do?

A

it leads to more cholesterol excretion

41
Q

Compared to tropical fish, arctic fish have:

A

more unsaturated fatty acids
more unsaturated in colder environment
unsaturated fluidity in membrane

42
Q

How important are proteins?

A

They account for 50% of dry weight of our bodies

  1. 9X10^ protein molecules/ liver cell
    - estimated body can produce 50,000 to 2 mill different proteins
    - responsible for everything that an organism does
43
Q

Proteins are______, meaning they have a _______range of functions

A

structurally diverse

wide

44
Q

What is the largest known protein? How many amino acid residues?

A

titin(connectin)=26926 amino acid residues

45
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

polymers made from amino acids
protein is the functional molecule that results from folding of a polypeptide into its correct 3d shape
STRUCTURE=FUNCTION

46
Q

What makes each amino acid unique?

A 
R group
(amino acids share the same core structure)
47
Q

What are R groups?

A

Reactive groups

48
Q

How are polypeptides formed?

A 
1-amino
2-remove water-dehydration
3-peptide bond formed (in proteins)
4-link amino acids
5-polypeptide
49
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A 
1- primary
2-secondary 
3-tetiary
4-Tertiary 
PS TQ
50
Q

What does the primary structure consist of?

A

chain of amino acids

51
Q

What does secondary structure consist of?

A
  • Hydrogen bonds between atoms of polypep chains
  • –alpha helix
  • –beta sheet
52
Q

What does the tertiary structure consist of?

A

-interactions between R groups

53
Q

What does quaternary structure consist of?

A

(not found in all proteins)

Aggregation of multiple polypeptides

54
Q

The primary structure of a polypeptide is determined by?

A

DNA Sea of that gene
-order these go in–> determined by DNA
DNA tells body to build proteins

55
Q

T/F any function can be destroyed by incorrect environment

A

T

56
Q

________________can alter folding?

A

Environment

57
Q

What diseases are misfoldings associated with?

A
  • Alzheimers
  • Parkinson’s
  • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (prion misfolded, infectious)
58
Q

How important is one amino acid?

A

it can make a difference if protein folds correctly

–ex: sickle cell

59
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids(polynucleotides)

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic

- Ribonucleic

60
Q

Nucleic acids (polynucleotides) are made of monomers called______

A

Nucleotides

61
Q

_________provides the instructions for life and _______is necessary to translate those instructions into proteins

A

DNA

RNA

62
Q

Nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds known as___________?

A

phosphodister linkages

63
Q

The 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A
  • Nitrogenous base
  • 5-carbon sugar
  • phosphate group
64
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

Missing oxygen on second carbon

65
Q

DNA is _________

The bases are held together by_______

A

Double stranded

H-bonds

66
Q

Adenine pairs with______

Guanine pairs with_______

A

thymine

guanine

67
Q

What determines the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain?

A

–specific sequence of bases

68
Q

DNA VS RNA

A

double strand, relatively stable, ATGC, deoxyribose, genetic info

usually single (often fold into 2 structures), ACGU, unstable, ribose,

69
Q

What are 4 functions of RNA?

A 
PCCG
protein synthesis
gene expression
catalyze reactions 
genetic material (some viruses)

Biology 1113 (11 decks)

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