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Biology 1113 > What are You Made of? > Flashcards

What are You Made of? Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecule=_________

A

polymers–long molecule made of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

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2
Q

The individual building blocks of polymers are called?

A

monomers

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3
Q

Building and Breaking Down Polymers

How does building occur? What is another name for it?

A

Monoers

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4
Q

What are the four classes that all large biological molecules are made of?

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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6
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a building block of a polymer. Variety is effectively limitless.

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7
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Building

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8
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Break down

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9
Q

Monomers are linked by covalent bonds formed through a _____________. What occurs when this happens?

A

Dehydration reaction.

A water molecule is lost.

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10
Q

Polymers are disassembled back to monomers through_________. What does this do?

A

Hydrolysis- addition of water molecule

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11
Q

Dehydration: New bond formed by___________.
Hydrolysis: Bond is broken by___________.

A

removing

adding

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and polymers of sugars.

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates classified by?

A

The number of building blocks.
monosacc-1
disacc-two
polysacc-many

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14
Q

What are monosaccs?

A

Simple sugars

  • water soluble and sweet
  • most have chem formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
  • Glucose is the most common.
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15
Q

How can monosaccharides be classified?

A
  • location of carbonyl group
  • length of carbon skeleton
  • arrangement around asymmetric carbons
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16
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides joined by covalent bond (glycosidic linkage)

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17
Q

What are polysaccharides?

What are they used for?

A

A few hundred to thousands of monosacs joined by glycosidic linkages.
Storage and structure

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18
Q

Storing polysacs:

What do we do with an excess of glucose?

A

-Store it to use later when none is available.

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19
Q

What is a starch?

A

Polymer of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 linkages
Plants
Represents stored enerfy

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20
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • Polymer of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 linkages
  • Highly branched
  • Animals (stored in livers and muscles)
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21
Q

What is chitin?

A

Structural Polysaccharide.

  • component of exoskeleton of athropods
  • polymer of modified glucose molecules
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22
Q

What is cellulose?

A
  • Structural polysac
  • component of plant cell walls-100 billion tons per year
  • polymer of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic linkages
  • it never branches
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23
Q

What are some of the differences between starch and celluose?

A

-not nutritionally equivalent because body can’t break down cellulose as body lacks enzymes needed to break these bonds–>it passes indigested.

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24
Q

Why are lipids grouped together?

A

they don’t mix with water-hydrophobic

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25
T/F Fats are polymers
False-fats are not actually polymers
26
What are fats constructed from?
Glycerol | Fatty Acid
27
Fats are commonly known as __________?
triglycerides
28
What does saturated vs unsaturated refer to?
-Structure of hydrocarbon chains
29
If there are no double bonds between carbon atoms, then the structure is ________________with hydrogen (contains as many H atoms as possible)
Saturated
30
If one (or more) double bonds are present then their is one fewer H on each double-bonded carbon so it is ____________
Unsaturated
31
Based on structure-how do saturated and unsaturated fats pack together?
-saturated: build up/block arteries--bad for heart | unsaturated--things you need
32
What is an essential fatty acid? What are some examples?
- Body can't produce them on its own | ex: omega 3, --fish, walnut, avocado
33
What is trans fat? How is it made?
most often man made unsaturated---->add hydrogen atoms----->trans fat solid at room temperature hydrogenization-- oil to solid.. changing molecule to make it last longer unsaturated ---> add hydrogen, body doesn't recognize these bonds--> they circle in the blood stream: contribute to health problems
34
What are phospholipids?What does the phospholipid bilayer do?
Similar to fat molecule-- only have 2 fatty acids 2 ends show different behavior to water ---> forms boundary between cell and external environment
35
In the phospholipid bilayer the ______group likes water?
Phosphate
36
What are steroids characterized by?
- carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings | - ---distinguished by the different chem groups attached to the rings
37
What is cholesterol?
-important component of cell membrane -precursor from which other steroids are synthesized sex hormones- (est and testosterone)
38
What does HDL do?
Removes LDL from bloodstream
39
What does LDL do?
Clog arteries (plaque)
40
What does increased HDL do?
it leads to more cholesterol excretion
41
Compared to tropical fish, arctic fish have:
more unsaturated fatty acids more unsaturated in colder environment unsaturated fluidity in membrane
42
How important are proteins?
They account for 50% of dry weight of our bodies 7. 9X10^ protein molecules/ liver cell - estimated body can produce 50,000 to 2 mill different proteins - responsible for everything that an organism does
43
Proteins are______, meaning they have a _______range of functions
structurally diverse | wide
44
What is the largest known protein? How many amino acid residues?
titin(connectin)=26926 amino acid residues
45
What are polypeptides?
polymers made from amino acids protein is the functional molecule that results from folding of a polypeptide into its correct 3d shape STRUCTURE=FUNCTION
46
What makes each amino acid unique?
``` R group (amino acids share the same core structure) ```
47
What are R groups?
Reactive groups
48
How are polypeptides formed?
``` 1-amino 2-remove water-dehydration 3-peptide bond formed (in proteins) 4-link amino acids 5-polypeptide ```
49
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
``` 1- primary 2-secondary 3-tetiary 4-Tertiary PS TQ ```
50
What does the primary structure consist of?
chain of amino acids
51
What does secondary structure consist of?
- Hydrogen bonds between atoms of polypep chains - --alpha helix - --beta sheet
52
What does the tertiary structure consist of?
-interactions between R groups
53
What does quaternary structure consist of?
(not found in all proteins) | Aggregation of multiple polypeptides
54
The primary structure of a polypeptide is determined by?
DNA Sea of that gene -order these go in--> determined by DNA DNA tells body to build proteins
55
T/F any function can be destroyed by incorrect environment
T
56
________________can alter folding?
Environment
57
What diseases are misfoldings associated with?
- Alzheimers - Parkinson's - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (prion misfolded, infectious)
58
How important is one amino acid?
it can make a difference if protein folds correctly | --ex: sickle cell
59
What are the two types of nucleic acids(polynucleotides)
- Deoxyribonucleic | - Ribonucleic
60
Nucleic acids (polynucleotides) are made of monomers called______
Nucleotides
61
_________provides the instructions for life and _______is necessary to translate those instructions into proteins
DNA | RNA
62
Nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds known as___________?
phosphodister linkages
63
The 3 parts of a nucleotide?
- Nitrogenous base - 5-carbon sugar - phosphate group
64
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
Missing oxygen on second carbon
65
DNA is _________ | The bases are held together by_______
Double stranded | H-bonds
66
Adenine pairs with______ | Guanine pairs with_______
thymine | guanine
67
What determines the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain?
--specific sequence of bases
68
DNA VS RNA
double strand, relatively stable, ATGC, deoxyribose, genetic info usually single (often fold into 2 structures), ACGU, unstable, ribose,
69
What are 4 functions of RNA?
``` PCCG protein synthesis gene expression catalyze reactions genetic material (some viruses) ```

Biology 1113 (11 decks)

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