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Earth Hazards > What are the hazards associated with earthquake and volcanic activity? > Flashcards

What are the hazards associated with earthquake and volcanic activity? Flashcards

1
Q

What is a collision boundary?

A

plate boundary in which two similar plates come together – neither is destroyed but both are folded to form fold mountains, e.g. the Eurasion and Indian plates which collide and form the Himalayas

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2
Q

What is a conservative boundary?

A

plate boundary in which two similar plates move past each other – neither is destroyed but earthquake activity is common, e.g. San Andreas fault where the North American plate and Pacific plate move in the same direction but at different speeds. Also called transform boundary

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3
Q

What is a constructive boundary?

A

plate boundary at which new material is being created e.g. Iceland. Also called divergent boundary or spreading ridge

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4
Q

What is a destructive boundary?

A

plate boundary in which material is destroyed at a subduction zone e.g. off the west coast of South America

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5
Q

The tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s crust move about on….

A

…. convection currents in the mantle

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6
Q

An earthquake is…

A

… the shaking and vibration of the Earth’s crust due to movement of the Earth’s plates (plate tectonics). Earthquakes can happen along any type of plate boundary.

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7
Q

Earthquakes occur when…

A

… tension is released from inside the crust. Plates do not always move smoothly alongside each other and sometimes get stuck. When this happens pressure builds up. When this pressure is eventually released, an earthquake tends to occur.

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8
Q

What is the point inside the crust where the pressure is released called?

A

The focus

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9
Q

How are earthquakes energy released?

A

in seismic waves

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10
Q

Where are the waves of earthquakes felt most strongly?

A

at the epicentre

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11
Q

Primary hazards of earthquakes

A
  • Ground shaking
  • Landslides
  • Faulting at surface
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12
Q

Secondary hazards of earthquakes

A
  • Liquefaction
  • Ground failure
  • Rock falls
  • Mud flows
  • Tsunamis
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13
Q

Primary impacts of earthquakes

A
  • Destruction
  • Casualties
  • Landslides
  • Fires
  • Loss of services/utilities and communications
  • Shock and traumatic stress
  • Violence (looting)
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14
Q

Secondary impacts of earthquakes

A
  • Disease (sewage and water pipes broken)
  • Loss of infrastructure
  • Housing
  • Jobs
  • Food and water shortages
  • Tsunamis
  • Floods
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15
Q

Tertiary impacts of earthquakes

A
  • Cost of recovery
  • Loss of crops
  • Damage to mines/industries
  • Trade
  • Long-term depression
  • Out-migration
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16
Q

Three responses to earthquakes:

A
  • Emergency aid
  • Short term aid
  • Long term aid
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17
Q

What does emergency aid consist of?

A
  • Rescue
  • Tents
  • Medicines
  • Food
  • Water
  • Often involving the military and charities
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18
Q

What does short term aid consist of?

A
  • Rehousing people
  • Rebuilding hospitals
  • Repairing infrastructure
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19
Q

What does long term aid consist of?

A
  • Moving population
  • Improving warning systems
  • Emergency planning
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20
Q

When was the Kashmir earthquake?

A

October 2005

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21
Q

What magnitude was the Kashmir earthquake?

A

7.7 - one of the worst of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

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22
Q

How many aftershocks in 24 hours were there after the Kashmir earthquake?

A

22

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23
Q

What is an aftershock?

A

Aftershocks are earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an earthquake sequence. They are smaller than the mainshock and within 1-2 rupture lengths distance from the mainshock. Aftershocks can continue over a period of weeks, months, or years.

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24
Q

What was the cause of the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • The cause of the earthquake was the Indo-Australian plate moving against the Eurasian plate
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25
Q

What was the death toll from the Kashmir earthquake, October 2005?

A

more than 73,000

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26
Q

What was the blame for the devastating human impact of the Kashmir earthquake, October 2005?

A

The countries lack of resources

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27
Q

What was international relief like for the Kashmir earthquake, October 2005?

A

o International relief was chaotic and underfunded; and hundreds of thousands were at risk as the bitter Himalayan winter approached

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28
Q

What was there a lack of in the Kashmir earthquake?

A

o There were a shortage of tents suitable to withstand the Kashmiri winter, as well as blankets, sleeping bags, warm clothes, medicine and food

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29
Q

The Kashmir earthquake did not affect people like the Asian tsunami, December 2004, did -

A

Whatever the reason, the earthquake did not provoke the response from the rest of the world that it desperately needed

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30
Q

When and where was the Earthquake in Los Angeles?

A

Northridge, 1994

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31
Q

What magnitude was the Northridge earthquake?

A

6.7

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32
Q

What time was the Kashmir earthquake?

A

9.20am - schools full

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33
Q

What magnitude was the Northridge earthquake?

A

6.7

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34
Q

What were the physical causes of devastation in the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • Australian plate colliding with Eurasian plate
  • Mountainous area
  • Remote
  • Extreme climate – winter snows
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35
Q

What were the human causes of the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • Poverty
  • Poor-quality buildings
  • Disputed area between India and Pakistan
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36
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • Landslides
  • Diseases – tetanus, cholera
  • Contaminated water
  • Cold killed many
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37
Q

What were the social impacts of the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • 73,000 killed and 69,000 injured
  • 3 million left homeless
  • Shock and stress
  • Young generation wiped out
38
Q

What were the economic impacts of the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • US$5 billion of damage
  • 1442 schools collapsed
  • Bridges and roads destroyed so some areas left isolated for weeks
  • Wells destroyed
  • Food stores destroyed
  • Phone and power lines broken
39
Q

Why were the responses to the Kashmir earthquake slow?

A

remote

40
Q

What were the short term responses to the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • Search and rescue – slow reaction by army

- Lack of tents, food etc.

41
Q

What were the long term responses to the Kashmir earthquake?

A
  • Large international efforts (but less than for tsunamis, as little-known area)
  • Political unrest at failure of government to act and its corruption
  • Rebuilding has been slow
  • Still military tension in area
42
Q

What were the physical causes of the Northridge Los Angeles earthquake in 1994?

A
  • A previously unknown buried thrust fault

- Steep hillsides

43
Q

What were the human causes of the Northridge Los Angeles earthquake in 1994?

A
  • Building on the fault line
  • Many older buildings
  • Bridges failed so difficult to get aid in
44
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the Northridge earthquake?

A
  • Landslides
  • Fires
  • Disease – respiratory from spores
45
Q

What were the social impacts of the Northridge earthquake, 1994?

A
  • 66 killed and 9000 injured
  • Homes damaged
  • Looting in poor areas
  • Shock and stress
46
Q

When abouts was the 1994 earthquake in Northridge Los Angeles?

A

January

47
Q

What were the responses like to the Northridge earthquake?

A

Fast, as prepared

48
Q

What were the responses like to the Northridge earthquake?

A

d

49
Q

What were the long term responses to the Northridge earthquake?

A
  • Reconstruction
  • Laws – by January 2005 all hospitals had to have earthquake proof A and E rooms
  • California state set up its own low-cost earthquake insurance
  • Bridges reinforced
  • Vulnerable buildings inspected and reinforced
50
Q

What were the long term responses to the Northridge earthquake?

A

q

51
Q

What are the primary hazards of volcanoes?

A 
o	Landslides
o	Fire
o	Mud flows
o	Rock bombs
o	Lava flows
o	Gas
o	Heat
o	Pyroclastic flows
52
Q

What are the secondary hazards of volcanoes?

A

o Tsunamis
o Crop failure
o Disease
o Famine

53
Q

What are the primary impacts of volcanoes?

A

o Destruction
o Casualties
o Landslides
o Fires

54
Q

What are the secondary impacts of volcanoes?

A

o Disease
o Loss of infrastructure
o Housing and jobs
o Food and water shortages

55
Q

What are the tertiary impacts of volcanoes?

A

o Cost of recovery
o Loss of crops
o Damage to mines/industries
o Trade

56
Q

What are the emergency aid responses to volcanoes?

A 
o	Rescue
o	Tents
o	Medicines
o	Food
o	Water
o	Often involving charities and the military
57
Q

What are the short term aid responses to volcanoes?

A

o Rehousing people
o Rebuilding hospitals
o Repairing infrastructure

58
Q

What are the long term aid responses to volcanoes?

A

o Moving population
o Improving warning systems
o Emergency planning

59
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

Super-heated flows of ash, cinders and pumice capable of travelling at speeds of up to 160km and reaching temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees Celsius

60
Q

Where is Monsterrat?

A

small volcanic island in the Caribbean

61
Q

What does the island of Monsterrat belong to?

A
  • It belongs to the Lesser Antilles island arc: a curved chai of volcanic islands formed by subduction along the margin of two oceanic plates
  • In this instance the subduction of the North American plate explains the 19 active volcanoes in the island chain which have erupted 33 times in the past 200 years
62
Q

What does the Monsterrat island owes its existence to?

A

the Soufrière Hills stratovolcano

63
Q

How long has the Montserrat volcano been dormant for?

A

For over four centuries

64
Q

When did Montserrat suddenly burst back to life?

A

July 2005

65
Q

Between 1995 and 2005 how much magma did the volcano in Montserrat spew out?

A

nearly 0.5km3 of magma

66
Q

What were the principal hazards of the Montserrat oufrière Hills stratovolcano?

A

pyroclastic flows, tephra falls, debris avalanches and occasional lava flows

67
Q

When did eruptive activity peak in Montserrat? and what happened?

A

1997, when 19 people were killed and Plymouth, the islands capital, was destroyed by pyroclastic flows, fires and tephra deposits

68
Q

What was the basic cause of the Montserrat volcano?

A

Atlantic plate colliding with Caribbean plate

69
Q

What was the basic cause of the Montserrat volcano?

A

g

70
Q

What were the human causes of the Montserrat volcano?

A
  • Developing country with little technology
  • Poor country
  • Relatively high population density
  • Bulk of communications radiated from main volcanic area
  • Capital and airport too near volcano
71
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the Montserrat volcano?

A
  • Volcanic dust caused silicosis and asthma
  • Coral reefs buried in ash/dust
  • Cloud forest destroyed
  • Acute acid rain
  • Lakes with pH 1.5 = death of aquatic life
72
Q

What were the social impacts of the Montserrat volcano?

A
  • 19 deaths (all farmers)
  • Southern 60% of island left inhabitable – loss of homes
  • 50% of population went to UK or USA
73
Q

What were the economic impacts of the Montserrat volcano?

A
  • Airport destroyed
  • Capital (Plymouth) buried under 12m deep mudflow
  • Loss of main roads, homes and other infrastructure
  • Loss of main flat fertile farm area with its cash crops
  • Loss of once large tourist trade
74
Q

What were the short term responses to the Monserrat volcano?

A
  • Evacuation to safer north

- Exclusion zone set up (60% of island)

75
Q

What were the long term responses to the Monserrat volcano?

A
  • 1988: UK granted residency rights in UK to islanders
  • UK launched three year $122 million reconstruction programme
  • EU gave $12 million relocating capital to Brades estate
  • New airport opened in 2005
  • Increased monitoring of volcano
  • Decline of once prosperous island
  • House building and diversification of economy into services
76
Q

What happened to Monsterrat’s population?

A
  • Montserrat’s population, which stood at 10,728 in 1990, plummeted to just 6409 by 2000
  • Out-migration was a social and economic disaster
    o It undermined the islanders sense of community and a disproportionate number of better educated islanders (especially young women left)
77
Q

What happened to Monsterrat’s population?

A
  • Montserrat’s population, which stood at 10,728 in 1990, plummeted to just 6409 by 2000
  • Out-migration was a social and economic disaster
    o It undermined the islanders sense of community and a disproportionate number of better educated islanders (especially young women left)
78
Q

What is an example of a volcanic eruption in an MEDC?

A

Mount St Helens, USA, May 1980

79
Q

Where is mount St Helens?

A

Washington State

80
Q

What was the basic cause of Mount St Helens?

A

Pacific plate colliding with North American Plate

81
Q

Physical causes of Mount St Helens

A
  • Level 5 volcano
  • Landslide = lateral blast
  • Pyroclastic flow
  • Vast ash cloud
  • Snow melt = lahars
82
Q

When was Mount St Helens eruption?

A

May 1980

83
Q

What were the human causes of Mount St Helens eruption?

A
  • National park so largely ignored
  • Wildness meant few roads
  • Very low population so often difficult to find
  • Bridges vulnerable to flash floods
84
Q

What were the impacts like from Mount St Helens, May 1980?

A
  • 2 month warning build up and very closely monitored

Knew past historical pattern of eruptions

85
Q

What were the environmental impacts of Mount St Helens?

A
  • Fish killed in hot, choked rivers
  • Wildlife wiped out, e.g. 5000 deer
  • Thousands of trees blasted over 600km2
  • 540 tonnes of ash fell on 60,000 km2
86
Q

What were the social impacts of Mount St Helens?

A
  • 57 killed
  • 200 homes lost
  • Little stress/shock recorded
87
Q

What were the economic impacts of Mount St Helens?

A
  • US $3 billion damage
  • Ash made roads slippery
  • Lahars blocked roads
  • Crops destroyed, as ash chocked pores in leaves of plants
  • Closed navigation on Columbia river
  • 47 bridges destroyed
  • 300km of roads blocked
  • Visibility poor for 2 weeks, forcing airports to shut
  • Ash caused power cuts and black outs
88
Q

Were the responses to Mount St Helens eruption effective?

A

Effective, as hazard was known and expected

89
Q

What were the short term responses to Mount St Helens eruption, May 1980?

A

Search and rescue but area already evacuated

90
Q

What were the long term responses to Mount St Helens eruption, May 1980?

A
  • Clean-up cost of $63 million
  • Increased tourism – as now nationally known
  • Increased employment during clean up
  • US forest service took over area as a National Volcanic Monument
  • Long-term monitoring and research

Earth Hazards (6 decks)

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