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BIOB34 > What Are Animals? > Flashcards

What Are Animals? Flashcards

1
Q

Hypotonic

A

Concentration of solute outside the cell is less than concentration of solute inside the cell, leading in an osmotic influx of water into the cell

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2
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cellular concentration is greater than extra cellular fluid concentration, leading eflux of water out of the cell

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3
Q

How do animal cells react to hypotonic environments?

A

When hypotonic, water rushes into the cell (bc intracellular concentration is greater than extracellular concentration). This leads the cell volume to increase, and can lead the cell to bursting

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4
Q

How do animal cells react to hypertonic conditions?

A

When hypertonic, the intracellular fluid rushes out of the cell and into the surrounding environment, leading the cell’s volume to decrease. This can cause the cell to become shrivelled, which can make the cells smaller and farther apart from one another.

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5
Q

How does a hypertonic environment affect neuronal activity?

A

Hypertonic environments cause cells to become shrivelled because the intracellular fluid rushes out of the cell, into the surrounding environment. When this happens, the neurons shrink, leading them to become farther apart. This interferes w their ability to relay information, thus negatively affecting neutron activity when the brain is dehydrated

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6
Q

Why is it important for animal cells to be isotonic?

A

When cells aren’t isotonic, it can lead them to bursting or becoming shrivelled

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7
Q

Fundamental characteristics of animals

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Opisthokont
  3. Multicellular
  4. Lack cell walls
  5. Sexual reproduction and diploid dominance
  6. Chemoheyerotrophic and holozoic
  7. Have an absolute requirement for oxygen
  8. Motile and quickly responsive to external stimuli
  9. Development via blastula and gastrula stage
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8
Q

Which 5 fundamental animal characteristics are true to all animals without any known exceptions?

A 
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Lack cell walls
Chemoheterotrophic and holozoic
Development via blastula and gastrula stage
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9
Q

What fundamental characteristic the one defining characteristic of animals

A

Development via blastula and gastrula stage

True only for animals and is true for all animals, allows you to define something as only an animal

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10
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells that have a nucleus. The nucleus houses linear DNA (chromosomes). Eukaryotes have a wide variety of organelles. Animal cells are always eukaryotes, but eukaryotes are not always animal cells

Eukaryotes can also be fungi or protists

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus, only a single circular loop of DNA, lack organelles

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12
Q

LECA

A

Last eukaryotic common ancestor
Ancestor to all eukaryotes
Gave rise to bikonta and unikonta

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13
Q

Bikonta

A

2 flagella in cells whenever flagella are present (land plants and green algae)

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14
Q

Unikonta

A

One flagella on cells whenever flagella are present

Divide into 2 major groups
Amoebozoa and ophisthokonta

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15
Q

Amoebozoa

A

One flagella in the front of the organism, swims in the same direction that the flagella is located

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16
Q

Opisthokonta

A

One flagella posteriorly located (like sperm)

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17
Q

Why do some animals have aphlagellate sperm?

A

Sperm competition: flagella exist on sperm to push them towards the female eggs faster than their competitors. If a sperm has no flagella this suggests that species doesn’t often compete for mates (they’re monogamous), so the sperm doesn’t need a flagella to beat competitors. This suggests that at humans are only socially monogamous and we originally evolved as polyamorous

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18
Q

Unicellular protists vs multicellular organisms

A

Unicellular protists: each can survive on its own. If it joins a colony, each cell is the same as the other, can leave the colony and still be fine.

Multicellular organism: has cell specialization, so each cell could not survive on its own: they are interdependent. Every single cell type is dependent on every other cell type

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19
Q

Cell walls

A

Found in plant cells, cause them to be very rigid, so even in non-isotonic conditions the volume of the cell does not change

Motility: each cell is attached via their cell walls, so plant cells cannot move around

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20
Q

Cell motility in animal cells

A

White blood cells involved in infection/injury. In order to function they must be motile: travel through circulatory system. They undergo diapedesis to heal the infected/injured areas

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21
Q

Diapedesis

A

When blood cells (often white blood cells) pass through blood vessel walls to enter injured/infected organs and tissues

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22
Q

Junctions

A

Allow animals to limit motility of cells to create certain barriers

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23
Q

Desmosomal junctions

A

Resist mechanical stress and prevent tissue from being ripped apart. Link cytoskeleton of cells together to create strong connections

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24
Q

Tight junctions

A

Bring plasma membrane of 2 adjacent cells together so there’s no space for molecules to pass through. Most noteworthy structural proteins are Claudin and occludin

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25
Q

Gap junctions

A

Protein type depends on if the animal is a vertebrate or invertebrate, work like little tunnels between cells to allow molecules easy passage from one cell to another

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26
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Allows for genetic recombination, which in turn allows for environmental adaptations

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27
Q

Crossover

A

During meiosis, you can create gametes that are genetically different from the gametes that your parents created to create their offspring, so they’ll be very different from both me and my parents to create more genetic diversity

28
Q

Genmmation

A

An asexual reproductive process, small buds appear on the body of the parent, which develop into a new individual that eventually separates itself from the parent. Parent and offspring are genetically identical to one another

29
Q

Desmosomal junctions

A

Resist mechanical stress and prevent tissue from being ripped apart. Link cytoskeleton of cells together to create strong connections

30
Q

Tight junctions

A

bring plasma membrane of 2 adjacent cells together so there’s no space for molecules to pass through. Most noteworthy structural proteins are Claudin and occludin

31
Q

Gap junctions

A

Protein type depends on if the animal is vertebrate or invertebrate; work like little tunnels between cells to allow molecules easy passage from one cell to another

32
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

allows for genetic recombination, which in turn allows for environmental adaptations and facilitates survival of the fittest

33
Q

Crossover

A

During meiosis, gametes that are genetically different from the gametes created by parents to create their offspring. Offspring gametes are very different from parent gametes and the parent’s parent’s gametes to create more genetic diversity

34
Q

How do the whiptail lizards trigger ovulation, and why?

A

Through pseudosexual behaviour: one lizard mounts the other. They decide this based on their sex steroid levels

they must do this because the species evolved from a sexual species, and it remains a behaviour bc it facilitates ovulation. In ancestors, ovulation could only take place if the female was mounted, so mounting continues in the fully female population even though there is no exchanging of genetic material

35
Q

Which reproductive process do hydras use to repopulate?

A

Gemmation, asexual reproductive process

36
Q

Fragmentation

A

An asexual reproductive process, a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent.

37
Q

What animals commonly use fragmentation as an asexual reproductive process?

A

flatworms and starfish

38
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

An asexual reproductive process, translates to “virgin birth”

39
Q

Describe how whiptail lizards reproduce

A

They reproduce through parthenogenesis. No males in the species, so all members are essentially clones of their mother. Individuals hatch from unfertilized eggs, which are released after ovulation. Ovulation must be triggered through pseudosexual behaviour

40
Q

Which whiptail lizard mounts and why?

A

Determined by their sex steroid levels before and after ovulation

before: high estradiol, bottom
after: low estradiol and high progesterone, top

41
Q

Arrhenotoky

A

When an unfertilized haploid egg develops into a haploid male individual, common in bees, some ants, and other insects

42
Q

Holozoic

A

Ingesting organic matter and then digesting it

43
Q

What are the 2 major feeding methods that organisms fall under?

A

Autotrophy and heterotrophy

44
Q

Autotrophy

A

produce their own food from inorganic sources and change them into organic molecules

45
Q

Heterotrophs

A

eat pre-formed organic molecules, can’t make their own. Reliant on molecules that other organisms have produced

46
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

chemical oxidation; the energy they use to build their own food comes from chemical oxidation of inorganic molecules; they undergo chemosynthesis

47
Q

Holozoic

A

Ingesting organic matter

48
Q

How are saprotrophs different from holozoics?

A

Saprotrophs secrete digestive enzymes into their environment and then ingest matter, whereas holozoics ingest and then digest

49
Q

Decomposers

A

derive organic matter from nonliving sources

50
Q

detritivores

A

ingest nonliving organic matter (soil, rotting wood) and then ingest it (ex. earthworms, woodlice)

51
Q

Why is it said that animals “have an absolute requirement for oxygen”?

A

Because it is widely believed that because of how complex animals are, they couldn’t evolve without a surplus of oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygen acts as an oxygen acceptor because of its high affinity for electrons, creating massive amounts of energy through ATP. Animals are so complex that they require high amounts of energy to function. It would be impossible to function with less energy

52
Q

Are all chemoheterotrophic and holozoic organisms animals?

A

No, some carnivorous plants and protists are also chemohetrotrophic and holozoic as well

53
Q

parasites

A

organisms that live in or on a host organism, derive organic matter from the host without consuming them entirely

54
Q

endoparasite

A

lives inside the host organism, absorbs nutrients as host digests foodstuffs (ex. tapeworms)

55
Q

ectoparasite

A

lives outside the host organism, usually feeds on blood (ex. ticks)

56
Q

Why is it said that animals “have an absolute requirement for oxygen”?

A

Because it is widely believed that because of how complex animals are, they couldn’t evolve without a surplus of oxygen in the atmosphere.

57
Q

Explain on a molecular level why oxygen is so crucial for animal life

A

Oxygen has a very high reduction potential and affinity for electrons, while many organic molecules have low reduction potential. if oxygen is available, animals can take electrons from organic molecules and pass them onto oxygen, which acts as an electron acceptor especially in oxidative phosphorylation. the energy released by this reaction is conserved in ATP by the mitochondria

58
Q

What event does the evolution of animals correspond with

A

Neoproterozoic oxidation event (NOE). prior to this event there was not enough oxygen in the atmosphere

59
Q

What event led to a huge increase in atmospheric oxygen levels?

A

Great oxygenation event. the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis: suddenly many plants were releasing oxygen as a waste product and releasing it into the atmosphere

60
Q

True or false: all animals have an absolute requirement for oxygen

A

False. There is one known animal known as the henneguya that does not need oxygen to survive

61
Q

How does the henneguya survive without oxygen?

A

Found within white anaerobic fish muscle, henneguya is part of the mixozoan phylum. Mixozoans are obligate parasites, which means they have very simple anatomy. As a result they have less need for energy. As a result, they don’t need to use oxygen as an electron acceptor.

62
Q

Which structure in the mitochondria is henneguya missing?

A

Complex 4. This means they have no capacity to undergo oxidative phosphorylation, so they are fully anaerobic

63
Q

Why is motility so important for survival for animals?

A

Since chemoautotrophs cannot make their own food, they must be able to find organic matter. being motile helps with that

64
Q

Are all animals always motile their entire life?

A

No. Ex: sea sponges are sessile most of their lives as adults, but as larva they are motile as they move around finding a good place to settle down

65
Q

How do sea sponges sustain themselves if they are sessile?

A

They are able to generate water currents to draw water them to themselves, and filter out organic molecules from the water

BIOB34 (2 decks)

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