WHAP Unit 2 Flashcards
A plague that killed 1/3-1/2 of the population of Europe in the middle ages but also significantly affected Afro-Eurasia with mass deaths at various times over two thousand years.
Bubonic Plague
Most significant disease to spread through trade routes until the 20th century; known as the Black Death in Europe after it weakened Europe socially and economically and spelled the end of serfdom in Western Europe
Bubonic Plague
A series of 5 holy wars declared by the Catholic Pope in which Crusaders fought to take back the Holy Land from the Muslims.
The Crusades (1095-1291)
Along with the transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge, luxurious eastern goods and technology diffused to Europe, generating a pressing need for Europeans to find a way to trade directly through Muslim intermediates.
The Crusades (1095-1291)
Chinese invention of explosive powder that was in use during the Tang Dynasty but utilized as a weapon by the Song
Gunpowder
Reached Europe by 1258 in large part due to the Mongols; ultimately played a key role in the European conquest of the Americas
Gunpowder
With the benefit of the monsoon winds, they boasted the largest volume of goods traded amongst the largest number of people, with the interaction of the most diverse selection of cultures
Indian Ocean Trade Network
This trade route was not controlled by any particular state or empire and open to all for participation until the Europeans Arrived.
Indian Ocean Trade Network
The world’s most extensive network of land exchange until the 15-16th century, which brought great wealth and power to those who controlled it.
The Silk Roads
Facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and disease across long distances and it promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities
The Silk Roads
Rose in prominence when the camel was introduced from Arabia, on which salt, gold, slaves, and ivory from the south were exchanged for cloth, horses, olives, and manufactured goods from the north.
Trans-Saharan Trade Networks
Connected the wealth of Sub-Saharan Africa with Eurasia and facilitated the spread of Islam into Africa
Trans-Saharan Trade Networks
Founder of the Mongol empire and quintessential nomadic steppe warrior/military genius; name means “universal ruler”
Chingis Khan
United thousands of fractious tribes and clans across Eurasia to create a single confederation in 1206 that overran China, Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate, Russia, and parts of Eastern Europe over the next few decades.
Chingis Khan
14th century Muslim Scholar and traveler from Morocco who transverse all of the Dar al Islam on the trade routes; most celebrated Muslim traveler of the postclassical world
Ibn Battuta
He promoted the proper observance of Islam wherever he went, such as modesty of dress in West Africa and the islands of SE Asia; was highly critical of the syncretic nature of Islam in places like India and West Africa
Ibn Battuta
Junks
Oceangoing ships built in China during the Song Dynasty that utilized a magnetic compass, stern-mounted rudder, and gunpowder-propelled rockets.
Junks
Helped to intensify and advance Chinese trade and tributary relationships further afield
Khubilai Khan
Grandson of Chingghis Khan and overlord of all the Khanates across Eurasia; Yuan emperor in China who improved infrastructure, lowered taxes, promoted culture, and supported peasant agriculture
Khubilai Khan
Completed the conquest of all of China, thus reuniting it for the first time since the Tang Dynast; established what has become modern capital of Beijing.
Marco Polo
Italian Merchant who traveled from Italy to China during Mongol rule and stayed at the court of Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan for years; stories of his travels on the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean trade Network were accumulated in a book and rapidly circulated throughout Europe
Marco Polo
Introduced readers to the rich world of the Chinese and their Customs Advanced Technologies and luxury products; inspired Columbus and others to find a passage to the east
Sacking of Baghdad
Destroyed by the Mongols with the massacre of more than 200,000 people
Sacking of Baghdad
Mark the final end of the crumbling Islamic Abbasid caliphate
Timbuktu
Located near the niger River in one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa due to its location in the trans-Saharan trade routes
Timbuktu
With the conversion of the Mali Empire to Islam in the mid-1330s it became a leading cultural intellectual and religious Center in Africa; declined with the interest in European trading posts along the coast of West Africa
Caravanserai
Inn or rest station for merchants traveling alone or Caravans
Caravanserai
Allowed merchants of luxury goods to travel for trait more extensively because of the added security of place to rest which allow for the growth of inter-regional trade
Bills of Exchange
A written order to a person requiring the person to make a specific payment to the signatory or to a named payee a promissory note
Bills of Exchange
Allowed for the growth of inter-regional trade by providing buyers and sellers over long distances with assurance that they would be paid for their Investments
Banking houses
Before this time. There weren’t any places to store money or exchange foreign currencies until the emergence of this commercial technology that allowed the lending of money you said checks and also let people store their money for safety
Banking houses
Play the big role in increasing Islamic and European trade including luxury goods
Samarkand
One of the most influential cities and trading centers on the Silk Roads and a cultural center for Islam in Central Asia
Samarkand
It’s growth was an effect of increased volume of trade wealth and security on the Silk Roads
Mongol khanates
New Imperial states that arose after Genghis Khan and his descendants brought about the demise of existing post-classical Empires; These became the khanates of Chaghati, golden horde, the great Khan and il-khanate of Persia
Mongol khanates
they’d ruin new people into their economies and trade networks and guaranteed a time of peace and security allowing Silk Roads trading to reach its peak
Compass and astrolabe
Instruments that allowed travelers to determine Direction and latitude respectively
Compass and astrolabe
Innovations that significantly increased rate of both luxury and Mass market products on the Indian Ocean
Zheng he
Muslim eunuch in Chinese Admiral who commanded an extensive naval fleet of junks on seven exploratory voyages as far as Eastern Africa to establish tributary relationships between1405 + 1433
Zheng he
Demonstrated China’s ability to be a military, political and economic power in the Indian Ocean
Diasporic communities
Merchant communities on the Indian Ocean that introduced their own cultures into local cultures and we’re themselves influenced by local cultures
Diasporic communities
A significant effect of the growth of the Indian Ocean trade Network that saw the spread of Islam to East Africa and Southeast Asia and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia as well as Chinese Merchants to Southeast Asia leading to the emergence of syncretic cultures in these places
Monsoon winds
The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and Southern Asia blowing from the southwest and summer and from the Northeast in winter
Monsoon winds
Advanced environmental knowledge of phenomenon such as these allowed for expanded trade on the Indian Ocean
Camel saddle
An invention which gives camel Riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea travelled along the trans-saharan Caravan trade route
Camel saddle
Allowed for trade to extend into Africa from Asia by making it possible for Traders to comfortably travel over the dry Sahara Desert for long periods of time
Mali Empire
The kingdom in West Africa that follow the Kingdom of Ghana
Mali Empire
Its wealth was also based on trans-saharan trade it also encouraged the spread of Islam brought it into Africa by merchants and adopted by the elite and upper-class people
Bananas in Africa
Brought in to Madagascar by the Malays of Southeast Asia
Bananas in Africa
This helped increase the population of Africa to 17 million due to its nutritional value distribution was a result of the malays traveling on the Indian Ocean trade routes
Sultanate of melacca
Small fishing Village that eventually became a kingdom after the arrival of a Hindu Prince from nearby srivijaya
Sultanate of Melacca
It controlled malaccan straits and in essence the sea trade route between India and China which allowed it to become very rich in experience and golden age
Swahili city-states of East Africa
with the arrival of Arab merchants the Africans in this area begin to trade on the Indian Ocean trade Network
Swahili city-states of East Africa
Indian Ocean trade allowed for the flourishing of these states while also helping to create a syncretic culture combining Arab in Bantu
