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Bacteriology > Wh'Odilia? YOUdilia WHIINNNEEYYBURG > Flashcards

Wh'Odilia? YOUdilia WHIINNNEEYYBURG Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial adherence is mediated by: (4)

A

pili, fimbrae, afimbrial adhesins, polysaccharide capsules

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2
Q

T/F: Antigenic variation in the surface structures of a pathogen is a form of immune evasion

A

TRUE: Allows pathogen to evade current specific immune responses by changing antigen being detected

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3
Q

T/F: Bacterial colonization of host mucosal surfaces by Shigella involves attachment and invasion

A

TRUE: contacts host surface and induces membrane ruffling –> internalization

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4
Q

T/F: NK cells are innate cells that engulf bacteria and kill them through release of granules containing perforin, granzymes and granulysin

A

FALSE: NK cells detect changes on cell surface of infected cells and kill infected host cells, not bacteria DIRECTLY

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5
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

Enhanced by opsonization

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6
Q

T/F: APC activate T and B lymphocytes

A

FALSE: APCs present antigens as peptides in MHC molecules recognised by T lymphocytes using T Cell receptors
CDF lymphocytes produce cytokines that help B to produce antibodies
B do not have a receptor that recognises MHC/peptide complexes presented on surface of APC and use antibody to recognise antigen

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7
Q

CD4 helper T cells

A

Provide help to B cells through CD40-CD40L interactions
Recognise MHC II
Mature into Th1 in lymphoid tissue
Do not express innate immune receptors

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8
Q

T/F: Antibodies are proteins that have multiple functions (3)

A

TRUE:

  1. Bind antigens through Fab fraction
  2. Bind complement using Fc fraction
  3. Bind to FcR through Fc fraction
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9
Q

CD4 helper 2 cells characterised by ability to produce:

A

IL4 and IL5

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10
Q

Leukocytes:

A

Stem cell:

  1. Common myeloid progenitor
    a) Auxiliary cells: megakarocyte –> platelets, mast cell, basophil
    b) Phagocytes: neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte –>macrophage
    c) dendritic cell
  2. Common lymphoid progenitor:
    a) NK cell
    b) B cell –> Memory B, plasma
    c) T cell –> effector T, Cytotoxic T, Memory T
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11
Q

PAMPS

A

Unique to microbes but shared within discrete taxonomic groups e.g. LPS
Recognised by special receptors of innate immune cells

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12
Q

TLR:

A 
1&2, 2&6: surface lipoprotein
3: ds RNA
4: LPS
5: flagellin
7/8: ssRNA
9: CpG DNA
11: uropathogenic bacteria
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13
Q

NOD like receptors

A

Recognise peptidoglycan

Sensors of PAMPs and DAMPs

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14
Q

RIG like helicases

A

important in antiviral immunity

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15
Q

Collectins

A

proteins that bind carbohydrates

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16
Q

DAMPs

A

Can initiate and perpetuate immune response in noninfectious inflammatory response

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17
Q

Complement: (4)

A
  1. Opsonize
  2. mediate inflammatory responses
  3. activate B cell responses
  4. Kill through complement membrane attack
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18
Q

Cytokines: (2)

A
  1. Orchestrate immune responses

2. activate cells of adaptive immune system

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19
Q

Inflammasomes

A

Multiprotein oligomer: caspase 1, PYCARD, NALP and sometimes caspase 5(11)
Expressed in myeloid cells
Innate immune system
PROMOTES MATURATION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IL1B, 1L-18
Shown to induce cell pyroptosis (programmed cell death associated with antimicrobial responses during inflammation)

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20
Q

NLRC4

A

Contains CARD domain + NBD + LRR to recruit procaspase-1 directly
Activated by bacteria e.g. Salmonella, legionella, pseudomonas

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21
Q

Inflammasome components:

A

NLR: sensor
NACHT: NLR oligomerisation
PYD: signal transduction, caspase recruitment
ASC domain: bridging or adaptor protein recruits pro-caspase 1

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22
Q

Activated Caspase 1 activates:

A
  1. preILb –> IL1b: promotes inflammation

2. IL18: +IL12 promotes IFNg production

23
Q

NLRP3

A 
Biggest inflammasome
Activated by:
1. low intracellular potassium concentrations
2. viruses
3. N.gonorrhoeae
4. bacterial toxins
5. liposomes
6. crystallized endogenous molecules
24
Q

Complement System:

A
  1. Classical pathway - antibody complexes
  2. Mannose-lectin pathway:
  3. Alternative: Pathogen surfaces bind C3b
25
Q

Activation of complement system

A

c3 convertase –> c3 –> C3b –>C5b –>c5b binds C6,C7,C8,C9 –> membrane attack complex (lysis of bacteria)

26
Q

C5a

A

Peptide mediator of inflammation, chemotaxis and B cell activation
Mast cells release vasodilator
Fever
Chemoattractant for neutrophils
Stimulates neutrophils to release oxygen radicals

27
Q

Antibody isotypes

A

IgG & E: monomeric
IgA: dimeric, connected by J chain
IgM: pentameric, connected by J chain

28
Q

Antibody roles:(4)

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement activation
Agglutination

29
Q

MHC

A

II: present to CD4, expressed by APCs
I: present to CD8, found on all cells

30
Q

Treg

A

–> tGF-B: produces TGFb, IL10

31
Q

Th1

A

Needs IFNy
IFNy: macrophage activation, cytotoxic T cell activation
TNFa: inflammation, cytotoxic T cell activation
IL2: Proliferation of Th1 cells

32
Q

Th2

A

needs: IL4
IL4: antibody synthesis
IL5: eosinophil activation
IL10/13: downregulation of immune response

33
Q

Th17

A

IL17, IL6, TNFa: inflammation

34
Q

Vaccine

A

Antigens derived from bacteria/virus
Stimulates memory immune response

Non toxic or attenuated antigens that are injected, ingested, or inhaled to induce the specific protective host immune defences without having to go through the disease process

35
Q

Antigen

A

substance that interacts with an antiboy

36
Q

immunogen

A

antigen that elicits an immune response

37
Q

Epitope

A

Part of the antigen that is recognised by the antibody

38
Q

Continuous epitope

A

1 chain of peptides

39
Q

Discontinuous epitope

A

Made up of different parts of a protein

40
Q

Passive vaccination

A

Short term
Human Ig preparations from pooled human sera
Administering antibodies or antitoxins
Immediate line of specific defence - neutralize venoms

41
Q

Active vaccination

A

Immune memory
Antibody responses
Design into CTL/Th responses - viral infections/TB

42
Q

vaccine responses

A

prophylaxis: prevent infectious disease
therapeutic: cure existing infectious disease
anti-hormone: block physiology

43
Q

Requirements for a vaccine

A

Safety
Efficacy
Stable
Affordable

44
Q

Enhancing immunogenicity

A

correct type of immune response
adjuvants - increase immunogenicity (stimulate/modify immune system)
targeting innate immunity to activate adaptive immunity
target mucosal immunity e.g. cholera

45
Q

Whooping cough

A

Bordatella pertussis -GN coccobacilus
Spread by aerosols
Toxins (pertussis toxin), adenylate cyclase, adhesin
Original whole cell vaccine tested in Kendrick test
Now given as triple antigen - pertussis, tetanus, diptheria
Incorporate virulence determinants - toxoids and adhesins

46
Q

Tetanus vaccines

A 
95% efficacy
Need noninjectable
Clostridium tetani - enviornment, can't erase
Toxin-neutralizing antibodies
Inhibits disease, not infection
Antibody level need to be high enough
47
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Immunity develops 10-16 years old
Epiglottitis - rare but dangerous
Capsule inhibits C3b binding - bacteria evade phagocytosis
Uncontrolled growth –> septic shock –> cytokines act on blood vessls –> reduced blood pressure

48
Q

Conjugate vaccines

A

Capsular antigens and help for b cell to isotype switch –> memory

49
Q

Strep pneumoniae

A

GP diplococcus
Asymptomatic colonization URT
Invasive pneumococcal disease
Virulence factors - capsule, adhesins, pneumolysin

50
Q

Strep vaccine

A

Polysaccharide (PS) -7
Protein conjugate vaccine (PCV) -13
Based on most common serotype in Australia
Herd immunity - reduced invasive pneumococcal in children and elderly

51
Q

Less successful vaccines

A

No protective response: salmonellosis, cholera, TB (pre existing immunity?)
Side effects: rotavirus - intestinal blockage
Worsen disease: RSV, c.trachomatis

52
Q

Enhancing immunogenicity of vaccines

A

Eliciting correct type of immune response: intracellular vs extracellular, multiple virulence factors, potential antigens difficult to identify
Target dendritic cells and innate immune sensing
Target mucosal immune systxem

53
Q

New approaches to vaccines

A

Live attenuated: dliver >1 antigen, genetic mutations
Delivery route (oral, intranasal)
Naked DNA vaccines
Novel adjuvants

Bacteriology (8 decks)

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