WH Final Review Flashcards
Culture
Knowledge beliefs customs and values of a group of people
Archeology
The study of the past based on what people left behind
Historians
People that study history
Fossil
Part or imprint of something that was once alive
Primary source
An account of an event told by someone who took part lr witnessed an event
Secondary source
Information gathered by someone who did not take part or witness an event
Geography
Study of the earth’s physical and cultural features
Lamdform
Natural features of a land’s surface
Climate
Pattern of weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time
Environment
It includes all the living and nonliving things that affect life in an area
2 main branches of geography
Human and physical
Region
Area with one or mire features that make it different from surrounding areas
Location
Exact description of where something is
Mesopotamia
Land between 2 rivers
Fertile crescent
Large area of rich or fertile farmland
Irrigation
Way of supplying water from area of land
Canal
Human made water ways
What made civilization possible in Mesopotamia?
Plant of crops and irrigation
Where was Mesopotamia?
Between the tigris and the euphrates river
City state
Consists of a city and the countryside around it
Empire
Land with different territories and people under a single rule
Polytheism
Worship of many gods
Cuneiform
World’s first writing system
How did the Sumerians write?
On clay tablets with a stylus
What was one of the most important technical developments of Sumer?
Wheel
What was at the center of most Sumerian cities?
The temple
Monarch
Ruler of a kingdom or empire
When did Hammurabi become Babylonian’s king?
1792 BC
What was the most important contribution of the Phoenicians to our civilization?
Alphabet
Subcontinent
A large landmass that is smaller than a continent
Mossons
Seasonal wind patterns that carve wet and dry seasons
What were the 2 main cities of the Harappan civilization?
Harrapa and Mohenjo Doro
From where did the Aryans come?
The are around the caspian sea in central asia
Where did the Harappan civilization develop?
Indus River Valley
Caste system
It divided indian society into groups based on a person’s wealth, birth or occupation.
Himduism
Largest religion in india today
History
Study of the past
Karma
The effects that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul
Nirvana
State of perfect peace
Buddahism
Religion based on the teachings of Buddha
Judaism
The jew’s religion
Exoudus
When Moses led the people out of Egypt
Abraham
He left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan. God told him to leave his home and he promised to lead him to a new land
Diaspora
The dispersal of the Jews outside of Israel and Judah
Monotheism
The belief in one God
Torah
The most sacred text of the Jews
Sinagoge
Jewish house of worship
What 2 mayor religions were influenced by Judaism?
Christianism and Islam
Zealots
The most rebellious of the Jews
Passover
A time for jewish to remember the exodus
On what geographic feature is Greece located?
Peninsula
Where was the Minoan Civilization located?
On an island (Crete)
Classical age
One that is marked by great achievements
Acropolis
High hill
Democracy
Type of government in which the people rule themselves
Oligarchy
Government in which only a few people have power
Who was the father of democracy in Athens?
Cleisthenes
Direct democracy
When all citizens could participate directly in the government
Aristocrats
Rich landowners
Per ices
He overthrew the oligarchy in 546 BC and became the ruler of Athens. He was a tyrant
Mythology
A body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works
Greek gods
Zeus, Hera, Hades, Hestia, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephasteus, Dionysus, Hermes, Athena, Poseidon, Dementer.
Homer
He was a Greek poet. His poems were central to the Greek education system. They’re considered some of the greatest literary works ever produced
What are Homer’s most famous works?
Odyssey and Iliad
What was the purpose of the Olympic Games?
To honor the gods
Fables
Short stories that teach the reader about life, how to live
How many kings officially ruled Sparta?
2
What was the most important element of Spartan society?
Soldiers (army)
How long did Spartan men had to stay in the army?
40 years
Which city state won the Penopolatian war?
Sparta
Write a Greek contribution
Art
Who were Socrates Plato and Aristotle?
Greek philosophers
Reason
Clear and other thinking
Hippocraties
He was the greatest Greek doctor. He wanted to figure out what caused diseases so he could better treat them. He is known for his ideas about how doctors should behave
Euclid
He spend his life studying mathematics. He was interested in geometry, the study of lines, angles and shapes. Many of the geometry rules were made by him
What 2 types of drama did the Greek invent?
Tradegy and comedian
Oasis
A wet fertile land in the desert
Caravan
Group of traders that travel together
Islam
The messages Muhammad received form the basis of this religion
How did Islam spread in Arabia?
In 622, Muhammad went to Media, Arabia. He became a spiritual and political leader. In 630 after several years of fighting the people of Mecca accepted Islam as their religion
Muslims
The followers of Islam
Mosque
Building for Muslim prayer
Write are the 5 pillars of Islam
- Saying there is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet. 2. Praying 5 times a day 3. Fast during Ramadan 4. Giving to the poor and needy 5. Traveling to Mecca at least once on a Haji
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
5 acts of worship required of all Muslims
Caliph
A title that Muslims use for the leader of Islam
What city became the Ottoman Empire
Constantinople
Tolerance
Acceptance
Calligraphy
Decorative writing
Observatory
Building from which people could study the sky
What happened to the maya after 900?
People stopped building temples and other structures. They left the cities and moved back to the country side. There are different ideas.
- the burden on the common people
- increased warfare
- not produce enough food because the soil was weak
- climate change
How did the Aztecs rise to power?
They settled on a Swampy island in the middle of lake Texcoco. In 1325 they began building their capital and conquering nearby towns. They fought fiercely and demanded tribute payments from the people they conquered.
About when did the Aztec empire become the most powerful state in Mesoamerica?
Early 1400s
How was life different in Tenochitlilan during the Aztec empire?
It was an island to it had limited amount for farming so they created floating gardens called chimpas
Conquistador
Spanish conquerors
Moctesuma
He was the Aztec emperor. He believed Cortes to be the god Quetzalcoatl
Hernan Cortes
He was the leader of conquistadors in 1519. They wanted to find gold, claim land and conquer naitive people
Pachacuts
He was a ruler who began to expand Inca territories
Quechua
Official Inca language
How did the Incas control their empire?
Pachicuti removed local leaders and replaced the. With new officials he trusted
Atagualpa
He won the war in 1532. He fought to claim the throne
Francisco Pizzaro
He organized expeditions to explore the west coast of South America
Excomunicate
Cast out from the church
What was the Pope’s role in the Roman Catholic Church?
He was the leader of the Church
With whom did Pope Gregory 7 clash?
Henry IV
Where does the word Crusade come from?
From Latin (marked with a cross)
Which countries took part in the third crusade?
England, France, Holy Roman Empire
Saladin
Leader of the Muslims
Clergy
Church officials
Cathedral
Large. Birches in which bishops led religious services
Black Death
A deathly plague that swept through Europe Between 1347 and 1351
Trade city
Trading center cities in a country
Renaissance
Period that followed the Middle Ages
Miguel Angelo
He painted the Sistine chapel ceiling, sculptured David, designed buildings and wrote poetry
Leonardo Davinci
He painted the Mona Lisa. Studied geology, chemistry and anatomy. He designed buildings, canals and weapons. He sketched engines and flying cars
Why did Davinci study anatomy
To make art more real. Anatomy is the structure of the human body
Which 2 inventions help spread renaissance beyond Italy?
Paper and printing
Reformation
A reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church
Martin Lutheran
He was a priest who in October 31, 1517 nailed a list of complains about the church to the door of a church in Wittenberg. His list is called the 95 themes. Pope Leo V executed him. He began the Lutheran church and it became the dominant church in northern Germany
Federalism
The sharing of power between local government and strong central government
Coup d’état
A forceful overthrow of a government
Conservatism
A movement to preserve the old social order and government
Liberalism
A movement for individual rights and liberties
What european countries ruled Latin America?
Portugal and Spain
What was the first colony in Latin America to gain independence?
Haiti (a Caribbean island)
What was the industrial revolution?
Starting in the early 1700s, a series of new inventions that completely changed the way goods were made. Machines in factories began to perform the work that before was done by hand
Nationalism
Devotion and loyalty to one’s country
Imperialism
Control of a region or country by another country
What were the main causes of WW1?
On June 28, 1914 a Siberian nationalist killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne and his wife. Seeking revenge, Austria- Hungary de later war on Serbia
Communism
Economic and political system in which the government owns all business and controls the economy
What were the central powers in WW1?
Austria-Hungary and Germany
Who were the allies in WW1?
Great Britain, France and Russia
Facism
Political philosophy based on a nationalism and strong government
Which countries were axis powers in WW1?
Germany Italy and Japan
Holocaust
The nazi’s effort to wipe out the jewish people
Cold War
A period of tense rivaly between the superpowers but no direct fighting
Osama Bin Ladden
A Muslim extremist based in Afghanistan, who ordered ,au attacks of terrorism. He used the Qaeda, a terrorism group to wage war on the USA
Terrorism
Criminal activity involving the use of violence to create fear and to push for political change
