WGU C779 Web Development Foundations

Question 1

What is TCP/IP?

Answer 1

Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol This the most commonly used network protocol, and it is a requirement of all computers that communicate over the Internet

Question 2

What does ICMP stand for?

Answer 2

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is an error-reporting protocol network devices like routers use to generate error messages to the source IP address when network problems prevent delivery of IP packets.

Question 3

What does URL stand for and what is it?

Answer 3

Uniform Resource Locator A URL incorporates the domain name, along with other detailed information, to create a complete address (or “web address”) to direct a browser to a specific page online called a web page. In essence, it’s a set of directions and every web page has a unique one.

Question 4

What does ASCII stand for?

Answer 4

American Standard Code for Information Interchange: a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent textual data (letters, numbers, and punctuation marks) in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices.

Question 5

What is SGML and what is it’s significance?

Answer 5

A metalanguage used to create other languages, including HTML and XHTML.

Question 6

What DTD within Web programming?

Answer 6

Document Type Definition (DocType): A set of rules contained in a simple text file that defines the structure, syntax and vocabulary as it relates to tags and attributes for a corresponding document. The DTD is generally specified in a separate file, which you reference, or declare, at the beginning of each document that you want to conform to the rules. Once the DTD is established, then all elements in the document must conform to it.

Question 7

What is HTML and what is it for?

Answer 7

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) was invented by Tim Berners-Lee of MIT as a means of distributing non-linear text, called hypertext, to multiple points across the Internet. HTML does not allow the coder to define DTD as SGML

Question 8

What are CSS?

Answer 8

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language such as HTML. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.

Question 9

Who regulates the CSS(3) standards?

Answer 9

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Question 10

How does the coder specify the ““flavor”” of HTML that will be called upon?

Answer 10

You specify the flavor of HTML by using a document type () declaration.

Question 11

What does XML stand for and what is it?

Answer 11

Extensible Markup Language (XML): A markup language that describes document content instead of adding structure or formatting to document content. A simplified version of SGML.

Question 12

Explain the various formats in which XLM can function?

Answer 12

XLM documents can be formatted to: Web Documents PDF Documents CSV Documents Braille Text to Speech and many many others

Question 13

Is XLM used to format web pages?

Answer 13

No. This is a common misunderstanding. XML is used to describe the data from which Webpages are created. Documents are well-formed and only the content is defined.

Question 14

What is XHTML?

Answer 14

Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) HTML describes only a document’s visual layout, and XML allows you to describe the function and context of the information contained in a document. XHTML allows HTML to become XML-compliant. Thus XHTML extends HTML by allowing the convergence of HTML documents with XML structure, creating forward-compatibility for documents.

Question 15

What is HTML5?

Answer 15

HTML5 was the fifth and last major version of HTML that is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation. The latest version was W3C HTML5.2 Recommendation that was released on 14 December 2017.

Question 16

What are some of the advantages and latest developments incorporated into HTML5?

Answer 16

HTML5 provides modern requirements for the Internet with fewer plug-ins, such as the ability to standardize how video and audio are presented on a Webpage.
To that end, HTML5:
Introduces the element, which is designed to eliminate the need to install third-party plug-ins (such as those for Adobe Flash or Microsoft Silverlight).
Adds the element, which allows pages to seamlessly add audio files for events such as podcasts.
Establishes ways to enable drag-and-drop capability for Webpages without using third-party add-ons.
Gives developers more native tools such as download progress indicators, image captioning options and form validation tools to use on a page.
Provides developers with a native option for offline storage, and enables applications to run as expected even without network connectivity.
Allows developers to retrieve the geographical location information for a client-side device, called geolocation. Examples include using the Global Positioning System (GPS) of a mobile device to determine the device’s location, which allows Web services to be provided based on the client’s location.
Allows old browsers to safely ignore new HTML 5 constructs.Adds new semantic elements such as , , , , , , and .

Question 17

What is ““Validation”” and why is it useful?

Answer 17

Validating your markup code is worthwhile because validated code is most likely to be interpreted accurately by the majority of user agents. As a result, your pages will render as you expect and will be available to a larger audience.

Question 18

What is WCAG?

Answer 18

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is developed through the W3C process in cooperation with individuals and organizations around the world, with a goal of providing a single shared standard for web content accessibility that meets the needs of individuals, organizations, and governments internationally. The WCAG documents explain how to make web content more accessible to people with disabilities. Web “content” generally refers to the information in a web page or web application, including: natural information such as text, images, and sounds code or markup that defines structure, presentation, etc.

Question 19

Name the popular GUI editors?

Answer 19

Graphical User Interface Editors place markup instructions into files for the coder eliminating the need to memorize HTML code/instructions: Adobe Dreamweaver MS Expression Web Mozilla SeaMonkey Google Wed Designer BlueGriffon GUI Editor

Question 20

Name the “Text Editors”” that are mentioned in the chapter and why are these useful?

Answer 20

These are useful for writing and saving HTML Webpage code which sould always be saved with the .htm or .html file name extension Cream (Windows only)Emacs (Windows, Mac or Linux)jEdit (Windows, Mac or Linux)Notepad++ (Windows only) Sublime Text (Windows, Mac or Linux)Vim (Windows, Mac or Linux)

Question 21

What are CSS used for?

Answer 21

A technology that allows style definition and formatting control of HTML elements, these format instructions are placed within the HTML or called remotely from external style sheets

Question 22

Define DTD?

Answer 22

A set of rules contained in a simple text file that defines the structure, syntax and vocabulary as it relates to tags and attributes for a corresponding document

Question 23

What is a ““User Agent?

Answer 23

Any application such as web browser, mobile device, smartphone or help engine that renders HTML for display to users

Question 24

What is ““wireframing”?

Answer 24

The process of developing an outline for a web presence

Question 25

What is “WHATWG”?

Answer 25

The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) is a community of people interested in evolving the web through standards and tests. The WHATWG was founded by individuals of Apple, the Mozilla Foundation, and Opera Software in 2004, after a W3C workshop. Apple, Mozilla and Opera were becoming increasingly concerned about the W3C’s direction with XHTML, lack of interest in HTML, and apparent disregard for the needs of real-world web developers. So, in response, these organisations set out with a mission to address these concerns and the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group was born. In 2017, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla helped develop an IPR policy and governance structure for the WHATWG, together forming a Steering Group to oversee relevant policies.

Question 26

What are the most important differences of XHTML from HTML?

Answer 26

From w3schools.com: XHTML comes with a much stricter error handling. is mandatory The xmlns attribute in is mandatory , , , and are mandatory Elements must always be properly nested Elements must always be closed Elements must always be in lowercase Attribute names must always be in lowercase Attribute values must always be quoted Attribute minimization is forbidden

Question 27

What is the HTML Web Development Trifecta?

Answer 27

HTML5/CSS3/JavaScript
Quote from Steve Jobs:
“…we strongly believe that all standards pertaining to the Web should be open. Rather than use Flash, Apple has adopted HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript — all open standards. Apple’s mobile devices all ship with high performance, low power implementations of these open standards. HTML5, the new web standard that has been adopted by Apple, Google and many others, lets Web developers create advanced graphics, typography, animations and transitions without relying on third party browser plug-ins (like Flash). HTML5 is completely open and controlled by a standards committee, of which Apple is a member.”

Question 28

What is “JavaScript”?

Answer 28

A scripting language that provides dynamic, interactive capabilities to Webpages

Question 29

How do the ADA Standards for Accessible Design impact internet communications?

Answer 29

Web designers, must create what the Department of Justice calls reasonable accommodation in Websites for people with various disabilities. You must make reasonable accommodations if you are a covered entity, which according to ADA is any private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions. Critical ADA compliance factors to consider when creating reasonable accommodations in your Websites include:
Ensuring that all images have text-based descriptions so that sight-impaired visitors can access sites through screen-reader technology.
Providing text-based alternatives to all non-text content (e.g., Java applets).
Providing forms that are easily read by screen-reading technology.”

Question 30

What is the “WAI”?

Answer 30

The W3C has created the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). The WAI has developed the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) to provide a universal set of standards promoting accessibility. According to the WAI, the Web’s full potential can only be realized by “promoting a high degree of usability for people with disabilities.” The WAI works with worldwide organizations in five main areas: technology, guidelines, tools, education and outreach, and research and development.”

Question 31

What are some ways that web designers address serving people with “visual impairment”?

Answer 31

Text readability — Make sure that fonts used are of correct size.Text support for images — All images must be described in text using special HTML code.Screen-reader support — Ensure that all pages and page elements can be rendered by audio screen readers.

Question 32

What are some ways that web designers serve people with “hearing disabilities”?

Answer 32

Alternative audio support — If you include audio content on a page, make sure that a text-based equivalent is readily available for hearing-impaired users.Alternative speech input — If your site includes the ability for speech input, make sure that an equivalent keyboard entry mechanism is available.Text support for audio elements — Make sure that any audio elements are clearly marked with alternative text so that readers can obtain the information.

Question 33

What are some ways that web designers address serving people with ““cognitive/technical disabilities”?

Answer 33

Page content that flashes, flickers or strobes — Such content may cause problems for those with neurological disorders.Alternative navigation — Navigation aids should be provided to help those with lower cognitive skills.Audio support — Audio transcriptions of text-based content may help users with reading disabilities such as dyslexia.Low-resolution alternatives — Design Webpages so that they do not require large, expensive screen resolutions, or provide low-resolution alternatives.

Question 34

What are the three types of Hosting Solutions for setting up a web server?

Answer 34

Co-Location: U own the equipment and the service provider provides space to house it
Dedicated Hosting: The Service provider rents access to a dedicated server that it owns.
Virtual Server: Sever space is rented out on a server that contains many websites in addition to the individual client.

Question 35

What are the six basic services that Cloud Service Providers offer (i.e., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud)?

Answer 35

Software as a Service (SaaS), such as email, accounting, human resources management, customer-service relationship, Web hosting, and nearly any type of software.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), such as virtual machines, firewalls, IP addresses and computing infrastructure.Backup services and nearly unlimited hard drive space on a pay-as-you go subscription.
Advanced Web and database connectivity, including the creation of custom CGI (Command line Interface or Common gateway Interface) applications.
Advanced Web development and machine learning tools.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP), which is the ability to automate the planning and operations of your entire organization (e.g., hiring, termination, manufacturing, marketing).

Question 36

What website could one use to determine the appearance of a website to visitors that are color blind in various ways?

Answer 36

www.toptal.com The various color blindnesses are: Achromatopsia is a condition characterized by a partial or total absence of color vision. People with complete achromatopsia cannot perceive any colors; they see only black, white, and shades of gray. Tritanopia: People affected by tritanopia are dichromats (Blue/Yellow blind) Deuteranopia is a type of red-green color blindness characterized by the inability to distinguish red and green pigments. Protanopia is when the L-cone is completely missing, and the affected person is completely unable to perceive the colors red and green.

Question 37

Within HTML coding practice, what is the name of this symbol “>”

Answer 37

These are referred to as “Wickets” or “Angle brackets.” These enclose start tags and end tags, together referred to as “markup tags” which are coded at both ends of an element string.

Question 38

What is a “Container Tag” within HTML scripting?

Answer 38

Container tags — tags that come in pairs. Container tags use starting and ending tags. For example, when you want emphasis (italic) text, you will contain the text between starting and ending <em> </em> tags. These tags are also called the opening and closing tags.

Question 39

What is a “Empty Tag” within HTML scripting?

Answer 39

Empty tags — tags that stand alone. Empty tags are those that do not directly format a specified block of text, and therefore one tag can execute the instruction. For example, if you want to create a line break, you insert the <br></br> tag at the point you want the break to occur. Empty tags are also referred to as self-closing tags. A closing slash is appended to make the empty tag a stand-alone non-empty tag, such as <br></br>, <hr>, , and so on.

Question 40

What constitutes a “Tag” within HTML coding?

Answer 40

An element — provides the main instruction of the tag. An element is required in every tag. Elements include , <p>, </p><h1>, , and many others.An attribute — specifies a quality or describes a certain aspect of the element. For example, a hyperlink is added to a Webpage by using the <a>, or anchor, element. The href attribute is added, which identifies the hyperlink reference. Many elements require specified attributes, but some do not. An attribute is required in a tag only if the element requires it.A value — gives value to the element and its attribute. For example, </a><a> has a value that instructs the hyperlink to access the CIW Certified Website. Like attributes, values are optional in a tag unless required by a specified attribute to the element. Values are used only with attributes; elements do not take values directly. Values should be surrounded by quotation marks; they are not required, but placing values in quotation marks is considered good coding practice.</a></h1>

Question 41

Name the 7 most common structural components used in an HTML5 document?

Answer 41

declaration — The declaration is the first tag in an HTML document. It informs the interpreter (usually a Web browser) in which version of HTML the Webpage is written in. Previous to HTML5, the declaration was an SGML statement and required a fairly complex declaration. In HTML5, however, the tag is written as only . The declaration is not case-sensitive, but it is almost always written in uppercase letters by Web developers (it will be uppercase in this course). tag — The tag is used as a container for the entire HTML document. It nests all code except for the declaration. tag — The head section allows you to insert tags (which describe the nature of the document), links to style sheets, and the tag. tags — The tag can specify various information about the document, known as metadata. This metadata can include a document description, revision dates and keywords to help search engines index the page. It also specifies the HTML5 character set used, which is usually UTF-8. The tag is placed within the container tags. tag — The tag references a style sheet and is recommended for HTML5. A style sheet usually has a .css file name extension and a file name similar to the page to which it is linked (e.g., aboutus.css for the HTML page named aboutus.html). Style sheets are often placed in a subdirectory for the Webpage. This subdirectory contains all images and associated files for the page. The tag is placed within the container tags. tag — This tag identifies the document title. Most browsers will display the title in the browser’s title bar. The tag is placed within the container tags. tag — This tag begins the body of the document and includes all the content of the Webpage, such as the text, video, hyperlinks and images. The tag is placed after the tag.

Question 42

Are HTML tags case sensitive?

Answer 42

No, however previous XML and XHTML were (are) case sensitive so using all lower case ensures compatibility with older browsers and applications.

Question 43

What is the difference between the Document Type declaration and the Document Type Definition (DTD)?

Answer 43

The declaration is a statement that identifies code versions in a document The DTD is a separate, older document containing a set of rules for structure, syntax and vocabulary, used commonly with XHTML and XML

Question 44

What two problems may arise if one does not specify a declaration in HTML coding?

Answer 44

You may not be able to control how your code renders in the future.You will not be able to use a markup validator, because the validator cannot determine the type of markup you are using (e.g., HTML5, XHTML Transitional or HTML 4.01).

Question 45

What is the declaration is used with HTML5 standards?

Answer 45

HTML5 is not based on SGML, so the traditional declaration is not required and there is no DTD required. However, it is important to include the declaration to ensure the browser can identify the version of HTML used in the Webpage. By using the declaration, you will improve your page’s ability to work with various browsers

Question 46

Name 3 tag attributes discussed in material?

Answer 46

manifest — an attribute used for offline browsing. It lists the address of the HTML document’s cache manifest. lang — configures the page to use a particular language….i.e., “en”=English, “fr”=French “es”=Espanol xmlns — If your content needs to conform to XHTML, then specify the XML namespace attribute.

Question 47

Name 4 tag attributes dicussed in the materials?

Answer 47

The tag.
The tag that references a CSS3 file, if present.
The tag.
The tag which is used to define a client-side script

Question 48

Name 4 tag attributes discussed in the materials?

Answer 48

charset — specifies the character set used in HTML document name — values include “keywords”, “description”, “robot”, “viewport” and “author.” http-equiv — provides an HTTP header for the information of the content attribute. Values include “content-type”, “default-style” and “refresh”. The “content-type” value of the http-equiv attribute specifies the type of character encoding in the document. content — When paired with the name attribute, the content attribute values can supply keywords, author name, page descriptions and so forth, as previously described.

Question 49

What is special about tags?

Answer 49

An extended discussion of the tag is beyond the scope of this course. However, the tag is a very effective back-end tool for ensuring that your pages work well across networks.

Question 50

What is unique about tag attributes in HTML5?

Answer 50

he tag no longer has attributes with HTML5. The previous formatting attributes have been replaced by CSS3 and the inline CSS style attribute. All content viewed by a Web browser or other user agent needs to be placed between the and tags. This content includes text, images, video, tables, lists and hyperlinks.

Question 51

What is “tag nesting”?

Answer 51

Placing a pair of tags within another pair. Remember: the tag that opens first closes last, and the tag that opens last closes first

Question 52

What is the standard convention for leaving comments in lines of written html code which do not render on the webpage?

Question 53

What does “responsive design” refer to in the context of web design?

Answer 53

Responsive design implementation is the hallmark of a modern Webpage. When you build a Webpage using responsive design it will fit comfortably onto any reasonable screen size. It will look just as good on a small mobile phone as a large desktop monitor. Responsive design Webpages are built using fluid grids, flexible images and media queries.

Question 54

What is the definition of Unicode?

Answer 54

Unicode is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world’s writing systems. UTF-8 is an example: charset=UTF-8 stands for Character Set = Unicode Transformation Format-8. It is an octet (8-bit) lossless encoding of Unicode characters. These should shed more light on the understanding in Web Development and Scripting.

Question 55

Why should you avoid placing paragraph breaks around heading styles in your HTML code?

Answer 55

Because heading styles are automatically preceded and followed by paragraph breaks.
A block-level element is a markup element that affects at least (what)? An entire paragraph

Question 56

For what should you use the tag in the section of your HTML document?

Answer 56

To reference a style sheet for the page.

Question 57

How many heading styles are defined for HTML?

Answer 57

6 levels HTML defines six levels of headings. A heading element implies all the font changes, paragraph breaks before and after, and any white space necessary to render the heading. The heading elements are H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least. For example: <h1>This is a top level heading</h1> Here is some text. <h2>Second level heading</h2> Here is some more text.

Question 58

What will happen if you neglect to include a tag in your HTML document?

Answer 58

Your page will not validate with a markup validator.

Question 59

What can you use the <pre> tag to do? </pre>

Answer 59

Define the block of preformatted text which preserves the text spaces, line breaks, tabs, and other formatting characters which are ignored by web browsers. Text in the <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font, but it can be changed using CSS. display preformatted tabular data if you have no time to format it. Text surrounded by the <b> and <strong> tags both result in bold text. … The text will be “commented out” and will not appear on the Web page.</strong></b></pre>

Question 60

Which HTML tag should you use if you want to indent a piece of text?

Answer 60

<blockquote>This text would be indented</blockquote>

Question 61

Within HTML coding, what does the <p> element define? </p>

Answer 61

The <p> element defines a paragraph</p>

Question 62

Within the practice of HTML Coding, what defines an “Element”?

Answer 62

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag: Content goes here… The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag: <h1>My First Heading</h1> <p>My first paragraph.</p> Start tag Element content End tag <h1> My First Heading </h1> <p> My first paragraph. </p> <br></br> none none

Question 63

What year was HTML5 (5.2) introduced per W3C recommendation?

Answer 63

2017

Question 64

On a rendered webpage the visible part of the HTML document pertains to what aspect of the html code?

Answer 64

The visible part of the HTML document is between and .

Question 65

What tag is used to define an HTML link?

Answer 65

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag: Example </a><a>This is a link</a>