WGU C182 Objective Assessment Flashcards
First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user.
Evolution of Users
What kind of server Sends files over the network at the request of clients.
Responds over LAN, within one location/site.
Support both application software and data files.
FILE SERVER
Turns a user-friendly domain name, like Google.com, into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like ((( 70.42.251.42 ))) that computers use to identify each other on the network.
Domain Name Server (DNS)
Uses TWO KEYS, a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption
Public Key Encryption
What is it called when you are PROVING you are who you say you are which can be done by: what you know, what you have!
Authentication
What is the TIER WHERE THE USER INTERFACE for the system is developed; SHIELDS THE USER from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures
Presentation Tier
System Deployment Steps
1. System Conversion
2. Final Documentation
3. End User Training
System Deployment
What CONNECTS MULTIPLES networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with APPROPRIATE IP ADDRESS
ROUTER
Requires that data is KEPT secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users
Confidentiality
Protecting EVERY LAYER that SURROUNDS ((( DATA )))
Defense in Depth
Can take on DIFFERENT FORMS depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is AN ACTUAL OBJECT that is an ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION of the application
THE MODEL
Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension
Slicing Data
The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible.
Information Technology
In charge of all aspects of the COMPUTER NETWORKS
Network Administrator
Focuses on the design, development, and support of DATABASE MANAGEMENT systems (DBMSs).
Database Administrator
Who Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs
Web Administrator
Processed data
Information
INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PUT TO USE information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.
(ILLUMINATI)
Knowledge in DIKW
Provides a social setting to knowledge; AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ((( WHY ))) Can only come by having BOTH KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE
WISDOM
The INPUT Processing, OUTPUT, STORAGE Cycle
I.P.O.S.
Raw data is organized or structured for usefulness.
PROCESSED DATA
Information is output so user can see results.
OUTPUT DATA
Processed information is stored for permanent record.
STORAGE
A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically : CATEGORIZED AS EITHER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS AND USERS
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF THE COMPUTER
HARDWARE
A collection of computers and resources CONNECTED by various media so that they can COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.
NETWORK
Systems Software and Applications Software
SOFTWARE CATEGORIES
RULES provided by WHICH NETWORKS communicate with each other
IP PROTOCOL
What portion of the computer STORES the programs BEING EXECUTED and the data they are using.
COMPUTER MEMORY
Controls THE SPEED at which instructions are processed.
SYSTEM CLOCK
Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer. IT IS VOLATILE (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power).
RAM
Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers
2nd Generation of Computers
Silicon chips (known as ICs - integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals
3rd Generation of Computers
What kind of language is Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time
Low-level Language
What kind of language is Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise LOW LEVEL instructions
Assembly Language
Function is to TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer
Language Translator Programs
What type of programming is used when a Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as; while loops, for loops, and if/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements
Structured Programming
What is A type of programming language for which most of its implementations EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS DIRECTLY AND FREELY, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.
Interpreted Language (Code)
Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file
Shell Scripting
The computer that the user is using; physically present with
Local Computer
What Connects computers to each other with NO REAL UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS BEING TRANSFERRED Used for private networks with local computers.
Network Hub
Like a hub, but this will only send data that is INTENDED FOR SPECIFIC COMPUTER
Network Switch
Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable
Wireless Access Point
Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers
Client-server Network
What type of server Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts). Responds from anywhere on the Internet.
Web Server
What kind of server Monitors print jobs
Print Server
Like a web server or file server, in that requests are for files and responses are the files
(File Transfer Protocols)
FTP Server
What kind of network has Devices connected along a SINGLE CABLE. Size of network is restricted
Bus Network
What type of network has Each device connected to a CENTRAL DEVICE such as a hub or switch.
Star Network
What type of network has Each device connected DIRECTLY TO ITS NEIGHBOR and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached.
Ring Network
Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network.
Mesh Network
Identifies the server on which the web page can be found
Domain Name
Always ends with a period and a THREE or TWO LETTER EXTENSION which signifies the TYPE of organization or country associated with the page
TLD (Top Level Domain) Name Exam: www.yourname.com .edu .net . gov .org
Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server
Resource/ Filename ID
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
CIA
1st - Must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data
2nd - Must be entered into the system accurately
3rd - Data modification must be tracked
Data Integrity Efforts
- Identify the organization’s information assets
- Identify vulnerabilities of each asset
- Determine threats 4. Prioritizing risks
- Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats
Risk Management & Strategic Risk Analysis
An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company’s website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database
SQL Injection
Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code
Buffer Overflow
Informs companies of potential problems with software HACK ATTACKS so companies can fix the problems.
White Hat Hacker
Individuals with MALICIOUS INTENT WHO VIOLATE SECURITY in order to commit crimes or acts of terrorism
Black Hat Hacker
Engage in BOTH WHITE and BLACK hat types of hacking activities
Grey Hat Hacker
Type of virus that completely replaces an existing application and takes the name of the taken over file
Trojan Horse
Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware
Anti-virus Software
Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline
Data Redundancy
Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption
Symmetric Key Encryption
Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access (RBAC)
Role-based Access Control
Advantages in ___________?
1. Cost savings benefits
2. Increased efficiency and productivity
3. Increased facilitation of communication
Computer Network Advantages
Consists of programs that END USERS RUN to accomplish tasks
Application Software
What form of software Consists of programs that MAKE UP THE OS
software that directly supports the computer system itself
(System)
System Software
What form of software Works with hardware to provide a NETWORK SERVICE
(Server)
Server Software
A LAN that uses the Internet Protocol
Intranet
Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.
Kernel
An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel.
Shell
Administration and Support
IT Professional Roles
Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming.
System Administrator
Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions.
Security Administrator
Help desk and training.
Support IT Professionals
Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom)
DIKW Hierarchy
The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.
Data in DIKW
Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form.
Information in DIKW
A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers.
Information Systems
RELEVANCE - the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made
TIMELY - data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner
THOROUGH - the data must be complete
ACCURATE - data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible.
RELIABLE - data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time
Characteristics of Quality Data
Raw data is entered BY THE USER
Input
COMPUTER PROGRAMS that tell the computer what to do–how to execute commands and process information
Software
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet.
TCP/IP
A collection of protocols. TCP/IP is an example.
Protocol Stack
CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices
Components of a Computer
Executes programs’ instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the “chip”.
CPU
All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used.
i/o Subsystem
Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components
System Bus
Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.
System Unit
Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards
Internal Components of the System Unit
Control Unit (CU) - retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen
Parts of the CPU
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - typically called main memory Static RAM (SRAM) - cache memory and registers
Types of RAM
BIOS stands for: Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard. Is software NOT hardware, (“basic” operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on). Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Can’t choose the amount or contents.
BIOS ROM
Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language
1st Generation of Computers
Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use
4th Generation of Computers 1971 - 1980.
Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 - 24 months (exponential increase)
Moore’s Law
Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage
Evolution of Storage
Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more efficient
Compiler
Characterized by the creation of windowed operating systems, easier real-world object modeling in programming code, and the application of inheritance in program code.
Object Oriented Programming
A computer being accessed over the network
Remote Computer
Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be established before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone
Circuit Switched Network
A message’s pathway is only established as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic
Packet Switched Network
Creates and maintains client network connections to remote servers
Workstations
A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers; allows a user to run software for different OS platform in their computer that would not otherwise be able to run that software; this allows multiple users on a network to access the software to support collaboration.
Virtual Machine (VM)
Responds to queries by pulling from the database. Typically only to local clients.
Database Server
Two email servers communicate with each other
Mail Server
Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between
Point-to-Point Network
Protocol, Domain name, Resource/Filename
Parts of URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Requires that data is correct
Integrity
Requires that information is available when needed
Availability
Public - available through public sources; includes names and addresses Sensitive - not considered a threat to a person’s privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses Private - information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers Confidential - information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans
Information Security Classifications
Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information
Phishing
Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn’t encrypted
Packet Sniffing
Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks
Worm
Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information
Encryption
