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WG SOL Flashcards

0
Q

3 reasons why the Scientific Revolution was important

A
  1. Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
  2. Formulation of the scientific method
  3. Expansion of scientific knowledge
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1
Q

Name 5 pioneers of the Scientific Revolution

A 
Copernicus-heliocentric theory
Kepler-planetary motion
Galileo-used telescope to support heliocentric theory
Newton-law of gravity
William Harvey-circulation of blood
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2
Q

What age takes its name from a series of European monarchs who increased the power of their central governments?

A

Age of Absolutism

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3
Q

Name 2 characteristics of absolute monarchies

A

Centralization of power

Concept of rule by divine right

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4
Q

Name 2 absolute monarchies

A

Louis XIV of France and

Peter the Great of Russia

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5
Q

What was Louis XIV symbol of royal power?

A

Palace of Versailles

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6
Q

What is Peter the Great known for?

A

Westernization of Russia

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7
Q

Name 5 Enlightenment thinkers and what they are known for

A

Thomas Hobbes- Leviathan(says humans exist in a primitive “state of nature”)
John Locke-Two Treatises on Government (says people are sovereign & consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty and property
Montesquieu-The Spirit of Laws (says the best form of government includes a separation of powers
Rousseau-The Social Contract(says government is a contract between rulers and the people
Voltaire-Said religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state

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8
Q

Name two important events of the French Revolution

A
  1. Storming of the Bastille

2. Reign of Terror

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9
Q

Name two causes of the French Revolution

A
  1. Influence of Enlightenment ideas

2. Influence of the American Revolution

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10
Q

Name two outcomes of the French Revolution

A
  1. End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI

2. Rise of. Napoleon

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11
Q

Name 5 people from the Age of Reason who are known for contributions to art, music, philosophy and writing

A 
Bach-Baroque composer
Mozart-classical composer
Voltaire-philosopher
Cervantes-novelist (Don Quixote) 
Delacroix-romantic painter
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12
Q

Name 4 characteristics of the colonial system in Latin America

A
  1. colonial governments mirrored their home governments
  2. Catholicism had strong influence on development of colonies
  3. Major element of economy was mining of precious metals for export
  4. Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority
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13
Q

Name 5 major cities established as outposts of colonial authority

A

Havana, Mexico City, Lima, São Paulo, buenos Aires

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14
Q

What countries gained independence (Latin America) during the 1800s?

A

Mexico, Haiti, Columbia, Venezuela, and Brazil

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15
Q

What two people are known for contributions toward the development of independent states in Latin America in the 19th century?

A

Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar

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16
Q

Name 2 contributions of Toussant L’Ouverature

A

Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French

Defeated the armies of 3 foreign powers (Spain France and Great Britain)

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17
Q

Name 2 contributions of simon Bolivar

A

Native resident who led revolutionary efforts

Liberated the northern areas of Latin America

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18
Q

When was the Monroe Doctrine issued and by whom?

A

1823 by US President James Monroe

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19
Q

Name two results of the Monroe Doctrine

A
  1. Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent
  2. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere
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20
Q

Who led successful revolts in Bolivia, Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, and Venizuela

A

Simon Bolivar

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21
Q

Who led successful revolts in Argentina and Chile

A

Jose de San Martin

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22
Q

Who liberated Haiti

A

Toussant L’Ouverature

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23
Q

Bismarck coined what word which justifies all means to achieve and hold power

A

Realpolitik

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24
Q

Who unified norther Italy?

A

Count Cavour

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25
Q

Who joined southern Italy to northern Italy?

A

Giuseppe Garibaldi

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26
Q

Who were last to join Italy after the unification?

A

The Papal States including Rome

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27
Q

Who led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings?

A

Otto Von Bismarck

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28
Q

What event led to the creation of the German state?

A

Franco-Prussian War

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29
Q

With the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for what?

A

Raw materials from the Americas, Asia and Africa

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30
Q

The Industrial Revolution began in

A

England

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31
Q

Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England?

A

Because of their natural resources (coal, iron ore) and the invention of the steam engine

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32
Q

The rise of the factory system lead to the demise of what?

A

Cottage industries

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33
Q

Name 4 technological advancements that helped produce the Industrial Revolution.

A
  1. Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves
  2. Steam engine: James Watt
  3. Cotton gin: Eli Whitney
  4. Process for making steel: Henry Bessemer
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34
Q

Name two advancements in medicine during the Industrial Revolution.

A
  1. Development of smallpox vaccination : Edward Jenner

2. Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur

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35
Q

List 8 impacts of the Industrial Revolution

A 
. Population increase
. Increased standards of living for many (due to more wealth)
. Improved transportation
. Urbanization
. Environmental pollution 
. Increased education
. Growth of middle class
. Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
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36
Q

Name two things that fueled the industrial revolution

A

Capitalism and market competition

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37
Q

What emerged as a dominant economic pattern during the industrial revolution?

A

Capitalism

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38
Q

Who wrote Wealth of Nations?

A

Adam Smith

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39
Q

Who wrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital?

A

Karl Marx

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40
Q

Harsh working conditions, child labor, men competing with women and children for wages was typical of what system?

A

Factory system

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41
Q

What invention increased the need for slaves in southern American plantations?

A

Cotton gin

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42
Q

Name three forms of impearialism

A

Colonies
Protectorates
Spheres of influence

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43
Q

Name two responses to imperialism by the colonized peoples.

A

Armed conflicts

Rise of nationalism

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44
Q

Name one armed conflict that resulted from imperialism. (Hint: in China)

A

Boxer Rebellion

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45
Q

When was the First Indian nationalist party founded?

A

Mid 1800s

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46
Q

Who developed the smallpox vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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47
Q

One way the Industrial Revolution made an impact on industrialized countries of the world was by

A

Improving transportation

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48
Q

Adam Smith, in his work Wealth of Nations, contributed to the development of capitalism by

A

Defending the idea of free markets

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49
Q

Name three reasons for the development of imperialism

A

Nationalism
Industrial revolution
Religious fervor

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50
Q

In 1853, Matthew Perry used naval power to force Japan to

A

Trade with the US

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51
Q

Who is credited with the idea of communism?

A

Karl Marx

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52
Q

According to communism, history is dominated by the struggle between what two groups ?

A

Bourgeoisie (boozwazi) and the proletariat

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53
Q

Name 5 causes for WWI

A 
Competition among industrial nations in Europe
Failure of diplomacy
Nationalistic feelings
Imperialism
Militarism
Competition over colonies
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54
Q

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was a moan or event that led to

A

World War I

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55
Q

Name two major leaders during WWI

A

Woodrow Wilson

Kaiser Wilhelm II

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56
Q

List three terms of the Treaty of Versailles

A

Forced. Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory ( they had to pay reparations)
Limited the German military
League of Nations formed

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57
Q

Name four causes for the 1917 Russian Revolutions

A

Defeat in war with Japan in 1905
Landless peasants
Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II
Military defeats and high casualties in WWI

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58
Q

What’s the mnemonic for remembering causes of WWI?

A 
MANIACS
Militarism
Alliances divided Europe
Nationalistic feelings
Imperialism
Alliances causing diplomatic failures
Competition over colonies
Serbians assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
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59
Q

What is one thing said to be a cause of the Bolshevik revolt in 1917?

A

Tsar Nicholas’ incompetence

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60
Q

What are the dates for WWI ?

A

1914-1918

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61
Q

Who was leader of Germany during WWI?

A

Wilhelm II

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62
Q

What was the “spark” that started the war (WWI)

A

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

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63
Q

Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks before the revolution

A

Vladimir Lenin

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64
Q

The Treaty of Versailles was especially harsh against whom?

A

Germany

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65
Q

Which country joined the Allies in 1917 (later in the war)

A

The United States

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66
Q

What does the term reparations mean?

A

Money paid for war damages

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67
Q

The US president during WWI was

A

Woodrow Wilson

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68
Q

The leader of Russia during WW I was

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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69
Q

What form of government did Russia have before WWI?

A

Absolute monarchy

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70
Q

What did Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) allow for

A

Allowed capitalism in order to give incentives for food production

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71
Q

What is a reason the League of Nations failed

A

It did not have power to enforce its decisions

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72
Q

Name 5 causes for worldwide depression after WWI

A 
German reparations
High protective tariffs
Excessive expansion of credit 
Expansion of production capacities and the dominance of the US in the global economy
Stock Market Crash of 1929
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73
Q

What were some impacts of the worldwide depression after WWI?

A

High unemployment in industrial countries
Bank failures and collapse of credit
Collapse of prices in world trade
Nazi party’s growing importance in Germany

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74
Q

Define runaway inflation

A

As prices rise, the value of the currency declines; soon things become so expensive that people cut back on buying, which leads to companies cutting back, which leads to layoffs of employees

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75
Q

Define protective tariffs

A

When countries place high tariffs on imported goods, other countries retaliate, leading to a “tariff war”. As a result, jobs are lost in the import-export business

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76
Q

Define overproduction

A

When companies overproduce, inventory accumulates and production is cut back, leading to layoffs of employees

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77
Q

Define rapid rise in stock prices

A

When stock prices go up rapidly, buying stock increases until many stocks become overvalued and a panic occurs, dropping prices too quickly and wiping out many people’s investments

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78
Q

List some impacts/results of the worldwide depression of the 1930s

A

High unemployment in industrialized countries
Bank failures and collapse of credit
Collapse of prices in world trade
Nazi party growing importance in Germany (blame european Jews for economic collapse)
Weakening of democracies struggling to cope with economic losses of homes
Popularity of fascism and its relation to National Socialism

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79
Q

What were the Five Year Plans?

A

Goals were set for heavy industry ( eg: steel industry) to produce quotas that were to be met in five years. Medals and other awards were handed out as incentives to meet such goals

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80
Q

What was Collectivization?

A

Peasants were forced to give up their individual farms and become workers for the state on what were called collective farms

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81
Q

What was the Great Purge?

A

Those who disagreed with Stalin were sent to gulags (soviet prisons) or simply disappeared when the secret police came knocking on their doors at night. Many of these people were convicted, with little or no evidence, of treason against the state

82
Q

What is a police state?

A

A secret police organization was established to monitor everyone and everything in the USSR

83
Q

Five year plans, collectivization, great purge and police state are associated with whom?

A

Stalin

84
Q

What were some result of the actions by Stalin (5 yr plans, great purge etc)?

A

Loss of civil liberties and civil rights (in USSR)
Creation of a totalitarian state
Revolt by farmers and the elimination of several million of them
Fast creation of an industrial state

85
Q

What is one reason for Hiltlers rise to power?

A

The failure of previous governments to address the countries economic problems

86
Q

What is the meaning of Nazism

A

(National Socialism) a dictatorship that allows private ownership

87
Q

What did Hitler claim as his excuse for taking over many European countries?

A

He said he needed to make a homeland for his Third Reich

88
Q

The rise of fascism, the ambition to restore the glory of Rome, and the invasion of Ethiopia are associated with whom?

A

Italy under Mussolini (dictator)

89
Q

The rise of militarism, industrialization of Japan( which ultimately brought them in conflict with America), invasion of Korea, Manchuria and the rest of China are associated with Japan under which two men?

A

Hirohito and Hideki Tojo

90
Q

A major result of collectivization in the USSR was to

A

Eliminate a large number of peasant farmers

91
Q

The League of Nations, established to prevent future wars, failed because

A

It did not have the power to enforce its decisions

92
Q

Following WWI, the system established to administer colonies of defeated powers was known as the

A

Mandate System

93
Q

One cause of the worldwide depression following WWI was

A

High protective tariffs

94
Q

Name three results of the Treaty of Versailles

A

Payment of reparations by Germany
Reduction in the size of Germany’s army
Stripping Germany of its colonies

95
Q

France and Great Britain engaged in a policy of appeasement during the 1930s in hopes of avoiding war with what country and its leader?

A

Germany and Hitler

96
Q

The worldwide depression of the 1920s and 1930s led, in Germany and Italy, to the rise of what?

A

Totalitarian dictators

97
Q

Name 3 reasons for the worldwide depression

A

Quotas and high protective tariffs
The expansion of credit
The Stock Market Crash of 1929

98
Q

The Fourteen Points adopted into the Treaty of Versailles was drawn up by whom?

A

Woodrow Wilson US President

99
Q

Which nations administered territorial mandates in the Middle East under the League of Nations?

A

France and Great Britain

100
Q

Name 6 economic and political causes for WWII

A
  1. Nationalism
  2. Failures of the Treaty of Versailles
  3. Weakness of the League of Nations
  4. Appeasement
  5. Aggression by totalitarian powers of Germany, Italy and Japan
  6. Tendencies toward isolationism and pacifism in Europe and US
101
Q

Name 7 major events of WWII

A
  1. German invasion of Poland
  2. Fall of France
  3. Battle of Britain
  4. German invasion of Soviet Union
  5. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
  6. D-Day (Allied invasion of Europe)
  7. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
102
Q

Who was US President during WWII?

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt

103
Q

Who became US President after Roosevelt’s death?

A

Harry Truman

104
Q

Who was the Allied commander in Europe?

A

Dwight D. Eisenhower

105
Q

Name two US generals during WWII

A

Douglas MacArthur and George C. Marshall

106
Q

Who was British Prime minister during WWII?

A

Winston Churchill

107
Q

Who was the Soviet dictator during WWII?

A

Joseph Stalin

108
Q

Who was the Nazi dictator in Germany during WWII?

A

Adolfo Hitler

109
Q

Who was Emperor of Japan during WWII?

A

Hirohito

110
Q

Who was Japan’s general under Hirohito during WWII?

A

Hideki Tojo

111
Q

Define genocide

A

Systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious or cultural groups

112
Q

What are some elements that led to the Holocaust ?

A

Totalitarianism combined with nationalism
History of anti-Semitism
Defeat in WWI and economic depression blamed on German Jews
Hitlers belief in the Master race
Hitlers Final Solution: extermination camps,gas chambers

113
Q

Name some other example of genocide throughout the 20th century besides the Holocaust

A

Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire
Peasants and government leaders and members of the elite in the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin
Tutsi minority by the Hutu in Rwanda
The educated, artists, technicians, former govt officials, monks, and minorities by Pol Pot in Cambodia

114
Q

Name some outcomes of WWII

A 
. Loss of empires by European powers
. War crimes trials
. Division of Europe (the Iron Curtain)
. Establishment of two major world powers : US and USSR
. Establishment of the United Nations
. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
. Formation of NATO
115
Q

Name three international cooperative organizations created after WWII

A

United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Warsaw Pact

116
Q

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights did what?

A

Established and adopted by members of the United Nations, it provided a code of conduct for the treatment. Of people under the protection of their government

117
Q

The Cold War was a philosophical war between

A

The US and the Soviet Union

118
Q

One outcome of the Yalta Conference was

A

The division of Germany into four sectors controlled by Great Britain, France, The Soviet Union and the United States

119
Q

The destruction of the Berlin Wall, the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Soviet economic collapse were all results of

A

The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

120
Q

Truman’s policy of preventing the expansion of communism was called

A

Containment

121
Q

Vietnam, divided during the Cold War, became a controversial conflict for the United States. Currently, Vietnam is

A

A country that has been reunited under a communist government

122
Q

Which parallel marked the internationally recognized divide between North and South. Korea both before and after the Korean War?

A

38th

123
Q

TheCold War ended between 1989 and 1991 with the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the fall of

A

The Soviet Union

124
Q

What multi-national military pact did the Soviet Union organize to counter NATO?

A

The Warsaw Pact

125
Q

During the Cold War the greatest deterrence to a nuclear war between the US and USSR was

A

The threat that both nations would destroy one another if a nuclear war were to occur

126
Q

The Marshall plan, the Iron Curtain, and the Berlin Airlift are events associated with

A

The Cold War

127
Q

What was one cause of World War II ?

A

Failures of the Treaty of Versailles

128
Q

Who was the Soviet dictator during WWII?

A

Joseph Stalin

129
Q

Which organization was a model for the current United Nations?

A

The League of Nations

130
Q

Mobilization of the American economy and armed forces explains whose victory in WWII?

A

The Allied victory in WWII

131
Q

The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, religious, political, or cultural group is called

A

Genocide

132
Q

What country was NOT an Allied Power during WWII: Great Britain, France, Germany or Russia?

A

Germany

133
Q

Which country was NOT an Axis Power during WWII: Germany, Japan, Italy or Great Britain?

A

Great Britain

134
Q

In 1994, Rwanda experienced a biter civil war between what two tribes?

A

Tutsi and Hutu

135
Q

The Congress of Vienna restored what?

A

European monarchies

136
Q

The unification of southern Italy was accomplished by

A

Giuseppe Garibaldi

137
Q

The Franco-Prussian was led to what?

A

The creation of a German state

138
Q

What was the significance of the Code of Napoleon?

A

It established a series of rights and laws that did not rely on earlier customs

139
Q

Attempting to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests, the Congress of Vienna left a legacy of two new political philosophies, What were they?

A

Liberalism and conservatism

140
Q

Otto Von Bismarck coined this term to describe his political philosophy of “doing what works instead of what would be ideal”.

A

Realpolitik

141
Q

Name three things the Congress of Vienna tried to accomplish

A
  1. Compensation for damages
  2. Restoring legitimate monarchs
  3. Restoring balance of power
142
Q

What leader of the Congress of Vienna opposed the formation of a unified Italian state?

A

Clemens Von Metternich

143
Q

The “red shirts” under Garibaldi defeated opponents using guerrilla warfare, a military style best described as

A

Small groups striking enemies unexpectedly

144
Q

Who led a successful revolution in Haiti to free Haitians from French rule?

A

Toussaint L’Ouverature

145
Q

Who led a successful revolution in the northern area of South America, eventually having a country named after him?

A

Simon Bolivar

146
Q

Viceroys were

A

Colonial officials

147
Q

Which nation claimed the region extending from Mexico through South America?

A

Spain (think Cortes)

148
Q

The European colonies in the Americas imitated what from their parent countries?

A

Cultures and social patterns

149
Q

Th US issued the Monroe Doctrine because

A

There was a conflict over who would control Latin America

150
Q

Revolutions in Latin America were influenced by what?

A

The French Revolution

151
Q

Who started the Mexican independence movement?

A

Father Miguel Hidalgo

152
Q

John Locke is closely associated with which belief?

A

A government should be a contract made by the people

153
Q

Johannes Kepler is known as a pioneer of the Scientific Revolution for his

A

Discovery of planetary motion

154
Q

Peter the great was monarch of

A

Russia

155
Q

The principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed is represented through

A

Democracy

156
Q

The development of the rights of Englishmen included the establishment of

A

Common law

157
Q

The Enlightenment thinker who wrote The Social Contract was

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

158
Q

The first reigning monarch to face a public trial and execution was

A

Charles I

159
Q

The separation of powers found I the US Constitution comes from the writings of which Enlightenment thinker?

A

Montesquieu

160
Q

The reign of what monarch gave England its first constitutional monarchy?

A

Mary II

161
Q

Which regional setting for Indian Independence was formerly called Ceylon?

A

Sri Lanka

162
Q

From the birth of Israel in 1948 to the end of the twentieth century, Israelis and Palestinians have struggled to resolve numerous issues. Name three of those issues

A

Water rights
Sovereignty of Jerusalem
The plight of the Palestinian refugees

163
Q

Which country did NOT gain independence from Great Britain: Kenya, Algeria, Egypt or Israel?

A

Algeria

164
Q

Which country was a French Mandate in the Middle East : Iraq, Syria, Libya or Turkey?

A

Syria

165
Q

What method did Mohandas Gandhi advocate for Indians to use to gain independence fromGreat Britain?

A

Civil disobedience

166
Q

India was a colony of?

A

Great Britain

167
Q

The leader of the Indian independence movement was

A

Mohandas Gandhi

168
Q

In 1947 when India won its independence, Muslims were given what?

A

East and West Pakistan

169
Q

The time period in Japan when the emperor regained his power was called the

A

Meiji Restoration

170
Q

Name three events that occurred in Africa due to imperialism

A
  1. Africans lost their land
  2. Africans were forced to work the land for low wages
  3. Africans were forced to dress and act like Europeans
171
Q

Name one of the deadliest terrorist attacks on the United States and when it happened

A

Destruction of the two World Trade Center towers in NYC on Sept 11,2001 (2750 died, more than 6000 injured)

172
Q

What occurred during the summer Olympics in West Germany in 1972?

A

Terrorist attacks referred to as the Munich massacre (17 died)

173
Q

Who was responsible for the 9-11 attacks on the WTC?

A

Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden

174
Q

What terrorist attack occurred in the US on April 19, 1995

A

Oklahoma City federal building bombing

175
Q

What does WTO stand for?

A

World trade organization

176
Q

What does IMF stand for?

A

International Monetary Fund

177
Q

Name three totalitarian powers at the start of WWII

A

Italy (Mussolini), Germany (Hitler), Japan (Hirohito)

178
Q

What are the dates for the beginning and end of Cold War

A

1948-1989

179
Q

Who was the Cold War between?

A

US and USSR

180
Q

What was the policy for preventing the spread of communism?

A

Containment

181
Q

Name two armed conflicts that the Cold War led to

A

Korea and Vietnam

182
Q

Who was Margaret Thatcher?

A

British Prime Minister
Had close relationship with US and US foreign policy
Pro free trade and less government regulation of businesses
Asserted United Kingdoms military power

183
Q

Who is known for being the last president of the Soviet Union, was president at the Fall of the Berlin Wall and is associated with Glasnost and perestroika

A

Mikhail Gorbachev

184
Q

What is Deng Xiaoping known for

A

Reformed communist China’ s economy to a market economy leading to rapid economic growth
Continued communist control of government

185
Q

Who was Jawaharlal Nehru?

A

A close associate of Gandhi

Supported western-style industrialization

186
Q

What did the 1950 Constitution seek to accomplish?

A

Prohibit caste discrimination

187
Q

What did the charter of the United Nations guarantee?

A

Colonial populations the right to self-determination

188
Q

Who was a leader of independence movement of Kenya?

A

Jomo Kenyatta

189
Q

Who led independence movement in South Africa?

A

Nelson Mandela

190
Q

What were the two French Mandates?

A

Syria and Lebanon

191
Q

What were the two British Manadates in the Middle East

A

Jordan (originally Transjordan) and Palestine (a part became independent as The State of Israel)

192
Q

Who was Golda Meir ?

A

Prime minister of Israel
After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War
Sought support from United States

193
Q

Who was Gamal Abdul Nasser?

A

President of Egypt
Nationalized the Suez Canal
Established a relationship with the Soviet Union

194
Q

What was the Congress Party?

A

A group of Hindu Indians who lobbied for Indian control of India

195
Q

What was the Muslim League?

A

A group of Muslim Indians who lobbied for greater Muslim control in India

196
Q

Hindu-Muslim tensions in India were between what two groups?

A

The Congress Party (Hindu) and the Muslim League (Muslims)

197
Q

Name some impacts that economic development and rapid population growth are having on the environment

A

Pollution
Loss of habitats
Global climate change

198
Q

What impact does economic development and rapid population growth have on society?

A 
Poverty
Poor health
Illiteracy
Famine 
Migration
199
Q

What is terrorism?

A

The use of violence or threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons

200
Q

What is a major cause for terrorism?

A

Religious extremism

201
Q

Name three common forms of terrorism

A

Car bombings
Suicide bombings
Airline hijackings

202
Q

Name 4 governmental responses to terrorism

A

Surveillance
Review of privacy rights
Security screenings at ports and airports
Identification badges and photos

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