WFR TRAINING Flashcards by Emily Mahmoud

Oral fluids should not be given to a patient in a wilderness context if:

they have an altered mental status.

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will have a vital sign trend of falling BP, rising HR, PCC skin.

A patient in decompensatory shock

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The current recommendation for assessing for compensatory shock through an orthostatic vital sign test is:

have a supine patient stand, wait 1 minute, if heart rate increases >30 bpm.

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A patient in compensatory shock:

maintains adequate perfusion with vasoconstriction, increased HR and RR.

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Can mimic the appearance of shock.

Acute stress response (okay if things subside after 15-20 minutes)
orthostatic test

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In an open pneumothorax:

air enters the pleural space through a hole in the chest.

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Air in the chest is called a:

Pneumothorax.

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NOLS Wilderness Medicine’s evacuation guidelines for a patient with a fractured rib includes

shortness of breath.

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Open chest wounds should be covered with:

an occlusive dressing taped on all four sides.

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Treatment principles for chest injury include:

monitoring for shortness of breath.

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Wound infections:

Are a real risk when wounds are not cleaned well.

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The most common injuries consistently reported on wilderness expeditions are

soft tissue wounds.

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Soft tissue redness, swelling, warmth and tenderness are signs of

an infection.

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Which of the following statements about tourniquets is correct?

they should be placed 1-2” above to the wound.

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Proper wound cleaning includes:

Irrigation with clean water.

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Consider removing impaled objects when

they cannot be effectively stabilized.

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Which of the following is true about high risk wounds?

They open a joint space.

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Arterial bleeding

is usually rapid and can spurt.

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Treatment principles for wound infections include

cleaning the wound again.

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Consider evacuating a laceration for stitches if:

It gapes open.

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Oral fluids should not be given to a patient in the wilderness if:

the patient is unresponsive

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Which is the recommended procedure when moving a patient with a suspected spinal cord injury?

Check CSMs before and after moving the patient

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A brain injury can cause:

Swelling and increased intracranial pressure

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Non-freezing cold injury

can be painful and take weeks to resolve.

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The key assessment that separates heat exhaustion from heat stroke is:

Level of responsiveness

Brown Recluse spider bites are:

Characterized by a wound that heals slowly

Moderate hypothermia is characterized by:

Uncontrollable shivering, stumbling gait, and slurred speech

What is urushiol responsible for?

It triggers the rash that develops from contact with poison ivy, oak, or sumac

After rescuing a drowning victim who is breathing but unconscious, you should:

Monitor their breathing and be prepared for potential respiratory failure

Pit Viper envenomation is often indicated by:

Signiant swelling and pain at the bite spot

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) is primarily characterized by:

Ataxia (loss of coordination) and altered mental status

The most common MOI for lightning injuries is:

Ground current

Evacuation guidelines for snake bites are based upon the concepts that:

The definitive treatment of snake envenomation is antivenom

What is the first-line treatment for someone experiencing HAPE?

Immediate descent to lower altitude

What is the most effective treatment for AMS if symptoms persist or worsen?

Decent to a lower altitude

Which is the best option for seeking shelter during an electrical storm?

In a forest of living, uniform-sized trees

Lightning:

Can strike the same place twice

Which of the following is an early symptom of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)?

Decreased ability to exercise

Treatment principles for heat exhaustion include:

Resting in a cool, shady spot

Sitting on a cold surface causes heat loss by what mechanism?

Conduction

White, waxy, cold skin is a sign of:

A local cold injury

Which of the following is the most common tick-borne illness in the U.S?

Lyme

An important clue that your patient may have hyponatremia is:

A history of excessive fluid intake

Treatment for a scorpion sting should include all of the following except:

pressure bandage

Which of the following plants contain urushiol?

Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac

What action can help reduce the severity of a reaction to poison ivy, oak, or sumac?

Washing the skin immediately after contact

which of the following is necessary to disinfect water by boiling?

Bring the water to a rolling boil

In a non-fatal drowning event, rescuers should monitor for all the following except:

Ataxia

Which of the following symptoms is a key indicator of acute mountain sickness (AMS)?

headache

Common early signs and symptoms of non-freezing cold injury include:

Numbness, itching, or pain

Carbon monoxide is:

Odorless and colorless

A Mildly hypothermic patient should be treated with:

Changing the patient’s environment and insulation

After thawing a frostbite injury, you should:

Protect the site from refreezing

You saw lightning hit a group of people standing in an alpine meadow. You get there immediately. Which patient would have a high priority to treat?

A patient in cardiac arrest

Proper removal of an imbedded tick involves:

Grasping the tick close to the skin and pulling steady traction in line

In a non-fatal drowning, onset of respiratory s/s usually occur within:

6 hours

DEET-based products:

Are considered effective and safe repellents by the FDA

A filter with a pore size of 1 micron or less will be effective against which of the following?

Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and most bacteria

A Non-freezing cold injury:

Is tissue that is chronically cold, but not frozen

The most important field treatment for carbon monoxide exposure is:

Move the patient immediately to fresh air

Treatment for a severely hypothermic patient should include:

Avoiding further heat loss

Which factor most improves survival chances after drowning

Rapid initiation of rescue breathing and CPR

The first step in the Drowning Chain of Survival is to:

Prevent Drowning

Patients in cardiac arrest after a lightning strike:

Can be treated with CPR

All the following are s/s of Rhabdomyolysis except:

Profuse sweating

A risk factor for heat illness is:

Use of drugs such as antihistamines, alcohol, and antidepressants

Which water disinfection method is ineffective for killing Cryptosporidium unless given a 4-hour contact time?

Chlorine dioxide

For ingested poisons it is acceptable to induce vomiting when:

The substance is non-corrosive

Widow spider venom is primarily:

Toxic to nerves

Blisters after warming frostbite are an indication of

Partial thickness frostbite

When traveling outside of North America, what additional filter component is recommended?

A virus disinfectant component

Chlorine and iodine treatments are potentially ineffective for which organism?

Cryptosporidium

Signs and symptoms of severe hypothermia are:

No shivering, inability to walk

Which of the following is a common cause of snake bites?

All of these are correct

All of the following are principles of psychological first aid except:

Prescribing medications

Epinephrine is helpful to a patient experiencing anaphylaxis because it causes:

Bronchodilation and vasoconstriction

What is a threshold for the use of epinephrine in an allergic reaction?

Any airway swelling

During the investigation phase of a search for a missing person, it is important to establish

Point Last Seen (PLS)