WFC 134 MT1

Question 1

Salamanders

Answer 1

Sister tax is anura
Mate with pharamones 
No copulatory organ
Larvae are carnivorous 
Fert. Mostly internal

Question 2

Cryptobranchoidea

Answer 2

External fert.
Eggs in paired sacs
Fusion of tibialis muscles (for terrestrial motion)
Fusion of branchial arches

Question 3

Hynobiidae

Answer 3

Temperate Asian clade
Most primative of extant salamanders
Usually terrestrial after metamorphasis
Contains only salamander species north of arctic circle!!!

Question 4

Cryptobranchidae

Answer 4

Paedomorphic(aquatic, no eyelids, gill slits but no gills)
Huge
Cutaneous resp (small lungs)
external fert
Eggs in paired sacs

Question 5

Sirenoidea

Answer 5

Long bodies
Forelimbs only!!
Paedomorphic(external gills, no eyelids)
Well developed lungs
Karatinized beak 
Nonpedicelate teeth
Fert unknown

Question 6

salamandroidea

Answer 6

90% of salamanders
Internal fert with spermatophore
7 fams

Question 7

Salamandridae

Answer 7

Rough skin with poison glands
Many aposymatic
rare paedomorphism
Live birth in several species

Question 8

Ambystomatidae

Answer 8

Mole salamanders
Lunged air breathers
Typically complete metamorphosis to terrestrial stage
Some oblígate paedomorphs
Many facultative
Only example endosymbiosis in a vertabrate

Question 9

Dicamptodontae

Answer 9

N americas giant salamanders
Have lungs
Streamside salamanders
Cool, moist conifer forests

Question 10

Protidae

Answer 10

Mudpuppies waterdogs olms
Paedomorphic (external gills, no eyelids)
Small lungs
Proteus- cave species, longest living amphibian

Question 11

Rhyacotritonidae

Answer 11

Torrent salamanders
Lungs reduced
Square vent glands in males
Long larval period

Question 12

Amphiumidae

Answer 12

Paedomorphic
Lungs present
4 TINY limbs
2 tiny eyes

Question 13

Plethodontidae

Answer 13

Lungless salamanders
Nasolabial grooves
First one in Asia found in 2009- new g and s
Cutaneous respiration- no lungs

Question 14

Plethodontidae

Answer 14

Subfamily- desmognathinae
Subfamily- plethodontinae
Tribe- hemidactylini
Tribe- bolotoglossini

Question 15

Desmognathinae

Answer 15

Lower jaw stationary, skulls swings
Stalked occipital condyles 
4 larval gill slits
Eastern n america 
Egg attendance by mothers

Question 16

Plethodontinae

Answer 16

Lower jaw moves
Unstalked occipital condyles
3 larval gill slits

Question 17

Tribe- hemidacylini

Answer 17

Indirect development

Single monotypic genus

Question 18

Tribe- plethodontini

Answer 18

Direct development

Question 19

Bolotoglossini

Answer 19

Direct development

Question 20

Spelerpinae

Answer 20

Indirect development

Question 21

Anurans

Answer 21

Hind limbs longer
Fused tibiofibula radioulna
Lack tail as adults
5-7presacral vertebrae 
Urostyle
Long ilia 
Usually well developed voice
External fert no copulatory organ
Adults no lower teeth broad skull with few bones
Larvae have internal gills lack true teeth
Temperate anurans breed seasonally in response to rainfall/temp
Tropical breed opportunistically

Question 22

Amplexus

Answer 22

Embrace during mating to fertilize eggs

Question 23

Inguinal amplexus

Answer 23

Grasped around pelvis ANCESTORAL

Question 24

Axillary amplexus

Answer 24

Grasped around shoulder

Derived

Question 25

Oviposition (aquatic)

Answer 25

Aquatic deposition 66% of the time
Most large families
Usually no prenatal care

Question 26

Oviposition (away from water)

Answer 26

Evolved multiple times
Always associated with parental care
Direct development in several families

Question 27

Paedomorphosis in frogs?

Answer 27

NEVER

Question 28

Arciferal girdle

Answer 28

Ancestral, cushion for ancestral frogs when hopping

Question 29

Firmisternal girdle

Answer 29

Fusion of bones and reduction of cartillagenous parts for modern hopping

Question 30

3 frog clases

Answer 30

Archaeobatrachia
Mesobatrachia
Neobatrachia

Question 31

Ancestoral frogs vs derived frogs

Answer 31

Reduce number of presacral vertebrae
Firmisternal vs arciferal girdle
Type of amplexus
Ribs disappear in more derived frogs needed to support organs in ancestral hopping

Question 32

Monophyletic paraphyletic and polyphyletic: herps- what’s what?

Answer 32

Monophyly- clade and all mrca 
Paraphyly- excludes some groups 
Polyphyly- extra groups that do not share same mrca 
Herps not monophyletic, polyphyletic
Reptiles also polyphyletic
Amphibians monophyletic