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America 1803-1890 > Westward Expansion (Mine) > Flashcards

Westward Expansion (Mine) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Manifest Destiny?

A

a belief that it was American’s God-given right to settle the rest of the continent.

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2
Q

What was the Homestead Act?

A

1862

Could claim 160 acres of land for free if they lived on it and farmed it for five years.

$1000 was needed to start farming

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3
Q

What was the Timber Culture Act?

A

1873

offered a further 160 acres of land if at least 40 acres were planted with trees within ten years.

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4
Q

What was the Desert Land Act?

A

1877

Offered the chance to purchase another 640 acres if they irrigated the land within two years.

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5
Q

What was the Mornill Act?

A

1862

established colleges to teach settlers how to farm the land.

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6
Q

How long did the Transcontinental railway take to build?

A

7 years

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7
Q

What was Oregon Territory?

A

Organised on the 14th August 1848

by Act of Congress out of US portion of the Oregon Country below 49th Parallel

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8
Q

What was the Mexican Cession?

A

Part of present day south-western US that was ceded to US by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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9
Q

What was the Gadsden Purchase?

A

29,640 square mile region of modern day Arizona and New Mexico.

Purchased by US from Mexico in 1853

Allowed construction of the transcontinental railway link.

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10
Q

What was the Texas Annexation?

A

1845

addition of Texas by US as a 28th State.

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11
Q

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

A

1803

US acquisition of more than 828,000 square miles of territory from France for $15 million.

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12
Q

What was the Treaty of Paris?

A

signed on 3rd September 1783

ended American Revolutionary war between Britain and 13 colonies.

gave the US huge amounts of land.

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13
Q

What were the 13 Original colonies?

A

Made up North America

each separately chartered and governed.

United in the Continental Congress in 1774

broke away from Britain in 1776 after the Declaration of Independence.

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14
Q

Who was William Clark?

A

1770-1838

helped lead Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-06 to the Dakotas and through Native American lands

Claimed Pacific northwest for the US

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15
Q

Who was Meriweather Lewis?

A

1774-1809

lead Lewis and Clark expedition

collected scientific data and information about the Native Americans

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16
Q

What was the aim of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

A

to explore Louisiana Purchase, establish trade with, and sovereignty over the natives near the Missouri River, claim the Pacific Northwest and Oregon Country for US before Europeans.

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17
Q

How much land did Lewis and Clark map?

A

4000 miles

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18
Q

What was Cumberland Road?

A

funded by the government

Linked Potomatic and Ohio Rivers.

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19
Q

What was the Erie Canal?

A

Completed in 1825

From Albany to Buffalo

freight charges dropped from 19cents a tonne/mile to 2 cents.

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20
Q

What were companies given to help build railways?

A

given land grants with a 120m right of way and 12km squared of land either side of the track for every 1.5km of track laid.

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21
Q

What did state governments give to help build railways?

A

provided over $200 million and made land grants of 19 million hectares.

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22
Q

Name two American fur companies

A

Astors American Fur company

Rocky Mountain Fur Company

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23
Q

How did fur trappers help to open up the West?

A

trappers brought back exciting stories which enticed more people out.

Some trappers used their knowledge to act as guides for wagons.

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24
Q

What was the California Gold Rush?

A

1848-49

Gold was discovered.

Within a few moths of discovery, 100,000 people had moved to the region.

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25
Q

Other than California, where else was gold discovered?

A

Colorado in 1858-59

Black Hills of Dakota in 1870’s

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26
Q

Where was silver ore discovered?

A

Comstock Lode, Nevade in 1859

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27
Q

Where was copper discovered?

A

Arizona and Montana in the 1860’s

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28
Q

What were the benefits of the new mining industry?

A

Led to new settlements like Virginia City.

provided labour for corporate mining companies which could afford machinery.

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29
Q

What was John Deere’s steel plough?

A

1837

reduced labour needed in the tough terrain of the west.

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30
Q

What was the McCormick mechanical Reaper?

A

1831

allowed large areas of grain to be harvested quicker.

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31
Q

When were wind pumps, deep drilled wells and dry farming introduced?

A

1850’s

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32
Q

When was Joseph Giddens’ barbed wire made?

A

1874

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33
Q

When was electric fencing introduced?

A

1886

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34
Q

How did wheat production increase?

A

from 1.2 billion litres in 1865 to 7 billion by 1900, plus new wheat grains.

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35
Q

What knock-on effect did that have on population?

A

population grew from 1 million in Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Iowa and Minnesota in 1860 to over 7million in 1900.

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36
Q

How many people were needed to make a state?

A

600,000

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37
Q

How many Texas Longhorn were there?

A

5 million (east)

38
Q

How much were Texas Longhorn worth per head in the west?

A

$3 - $4 per head

39
Q

How much were Texas Longhorn worth per head in the east?

A

$30 - $40 per head

40
Q

What happened in 1866 in Kansas?

A

railway built at Abilene

liberalisation of quarantine laws

41
Q

How was Kansas’ liberalisation laws changed in 1867?

A

law was re-imposed with entry narrowed to three months in the winter.

42
Q

How did the amount of cattle transported change between 1867 and 1871 in Kansas?

A

1867 = 35,000 head

1871 = 700,000 head

43
Q

How did Chicago benefit from the railway?

A

allowed 6-10 million head of cattle to be transported there

became a meat packing city

44
Q

how many cowboys were there on the Plains?

A

40,000

45
Q

When were refrigerator carriages introduced?

A

1875

46
Q

What impact did the winter between 1885-87 have on the cattle?

A

severe winter

90% cattle died

collapsed open ranch system

47
Q

Where did the number of sheep grow?

A

in the Rockies

48
Q

How many sheep were in the west by 1900?

A

25 million

49
Q

how did the travel time between New York and Chicago change?

A

1840 took two weeks

1860 took two days

50
Q

What was the Cumberland Pike?

A

building began 1808

link the Atlantic to Ohio

made movement easier

extended to Illinois by 1830

51
Q

when was the first commercial steamboat?

A

on Hudson River

1807

52
Q

What was the advantages of steamboats?

A

reduced cost and time for moving goods

53
Q

How did the number of boats change on the Mississippi change from 1817 to 1836?

A

1817 = 17 boats

1836 = 361 boats

54
Q

How did the number of miles of canals change from 1816 to 1840?

A

1816 = 100 miles

1840 = over 3000 miles

55
Q

What was the benefit of the Erie Canal?

A

reduced travel time form Buffalo to New York from twenty to eight days

56
Q

What did the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road company do in 1830?

A

opened 13 mile stretch where wagons were pulled by horses

soon replaced by steam locomotives

57
Q

By 1840 were there more miles of railway or canal?

A

railway

58
Q

What did the government give to Butterfield Overland Mail Company?

A

1857

gave a contract for mail to be carried between St Louis and San Fransisco

59
Q

How long did tit take the Pony Express to cross the Plains?

A

10 days

60
Q

What was the consequence of the completion of the transcontinental telegraph line’s completion in 1861?

A

Made the Overland Mail Company and Pony Express obselete

61
Q

What was the Pacific Railroad Act?

A

July 1862

chartered the Union Pacific Company to build west from Omaha, while the Central Pacific Company built East from Sacramento

62
Q

When was the transcontinental railroad completed?

A

1869

63
Q

How much railway was there by 1900 west of the Mississippi River?

A

139,000km

64
Q

What was the main consequence of the railway being built?

A

led to the Buffalo herds being killed, which impacted Native American cultures.

65
Q

What did companies do with their extra lands?

A

offered long term loans and temporary accommodation to settlers

66
Q

When did the Mormon church begin?

A

1830

67
Q

What did Joseph Smith claim in 1832?

A

he had a vision of an angel that told him to dig up gold plates from a hillside

68
Q

What did Joseph Smith do with the gold plates?

A

translated them into the Book of Mormon

chose witnesses to give a testimony saying they had seen the plates

69
Q

Why were Mormons unpopular in Kirtland?

A

Smith claimed to be a prophet and said his followers were chosen by God = angered locals

Mormons believed in hard work and were successful = jealousy

1837 economic crisis collapsed very bank, including Mormon ones. Locals lost their savings and blamed the Mormons

70
Q

Why were the Mormons unpopular in Missouri?

A

were against slavery = Missouri is a slave state

people were against Indians = Mormon’s asked them for help

71
Q

Why were the Mormons unpopular in Nauvoo?

A

Smith announced men can have more than one wife (polygamy) = it was a sin to Christians

72
Q

What happened to Joseph Smith?

A

he was killed by a mob in prison, leading to Mormon houses being attacked in Nauvoo

73
Q

What did Brigham Young decide after Smith’s death?

A

that the Mormons needed to move West

decided to travel to the Great Salt Lake Valley

74
Q

How long was the journey to Salt Lake Valley?

A

2250 km with 16,000 mormons

75
Q

Brigham Young’s plan:

February 1846

A

take Mormons out of Nauvoo

76
Q

Brigham Young’s plan:

spring 1846

A

lead an advance party to build rest camps for others

77
Q

Brigham Young’s plan:

summer 1846

A

build temporary settlement on Missouri River for Winter

78
Q

Brigham Young’s plan:

autumn 1846

A

rest of Mormons joined, 700 died

79
Q

Brigham Young’s plan:

spring 1847

A

lead a group to Great Salt Lake Valley and choose a place to settle

80
Q

What were the four main push factors?

A

persecution

overcrowding

poverty

lack of opportunities

81
Q

What were push factors from Southern States?

A

black Americans persecuted even after being free from the Civil War

crops failed and people were hungry

82
Q

What were push factors from Eastern States?

A

shortages of farming land in heavily populated states

few jobs for veterans after the Civil War

83
Q

What were push factors from Europe?

A

shortage of good farmland in Norway and Sweden

unemployment and poverty affected English, Irish, German, Russian and Scots

Jews and other religious groups wanted to escape persecution

84
Q

What were the four main pull factors?

A

religious freedom

incentives

opportunity

letters home

85
Q

What actions of the government acted as pull factors?

A

1862 Homestead Act

1873 Timber Culture Act

1877 Desert Land Act

86
Q

What actions of railroad companies acted as pull factors?

A

transcontinental railroad being built

companies sold off extra land to settlers.

87
Q

Why did letters home act as pull factors?

A

told exciting stories which encouraged more families to move out West

88
Q

Impact on the USA:

Geographical

A

new territories/states

population grew from 38 million in 1869 to 92 million in 1899

89
Q

Impact on the USA:

economic

A

new natural and mineral resources

transport and communications

technology in arable farming

only 40% of homesteaders “proved up” their claim

bankruptcy and drought led to 11,000 homesteads in Kansas being repossessed from 1889 to 1893

90
Q

Impact on the USA:

social

A

escape overcrowding in the East

lawlessness and alcoholism

escape persecution

destroyed Native American life

91
Q

Impact on the USA:

Political

A

not everyone agreed about the way it should expand

political parties used expansion to gain popularity

federal governments used expansion to manage and finance large projects

92
Q

Impact on the USA:

Cultural

A

new discoveries with new regions being mapped

increased scientific and geographical understanding

large scale deforestation, mining in areas and destruction of Buffalo

destruction of Native American societies.

America 1803-1890 (5 decks)

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