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Western Lab > Western Lab Urologic Skeletal Systems Week 6 > Flashcards

Western Lab Urologic Skeletal Systems Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Urology Lab Tests includes
A 
1. 
Urinalysis (UA)
BUN/serum creatinine
Estimated GFR
Creatinine clearance
Serum electrolytes
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2
Q
  1. Which major indications require urinalysis (UA)?
A
  1. Diagnostic test in patients with:
    a. abdominal or back pain
    b. dysuria
    c. hematuria
    d. urinary frequency
    Routine monitoring
    a. Chronic renal disease
    b. Metabolic disease
    Pregnant and pre-surgical patients admitted to hospital
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3
Q
  1. UA looking for:
A 
3. 
Appearance and color
Odor
pH (fresh specimen)
Protein
Glucose (should be none)
Specify gravity
Leukocyte esterase (WBC esterase)
Nitrites
Ketones
Billirubin/Urobillinogen
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4
Q
  1. Microscopic UA is looking for:
A 
4. 
Crystal (none)
Casts: Hyaline casts, Cellular casts (none)
WBC (few)
RBC (less than 2)
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5
Q
  1. in an UA, what are the common measures in evaluating KI functions?
A

5.

  1. Most common measures are plasma concentrations of:
    a. urea (BUN)
    b. Creatinine
  2. But these tests are abnormal only after 60% of total kidney function is lost.
  3. Not useful in detecting early kidney failure.
  4. More accurate measure:
    a. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
    b. Approximated by creatinine clearance
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6
Q
  1. UA, evaluating KI functions: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). Explanation
A

6.

  1. Normal serum BUN is 2.0 to 8.5 mmol/L
  2. Increased serum levels (azotemia) indicate decreased kidney function.
  3. The liver produces urea as a waste product of the protein digestion.
  4. Urea is then excreted by the kidneys.
  5. BUN affected by diet and hormones, so it is not as good an indicator of renal function as serum creatinine levels.
  6. BUN increases in kidney disease, high protein diet, and after administration of steroids.
  7. BUN decreases in starvation, pregnancy and in persons on a low protein diet
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7
Q
  1. Basic facts of Serum Creatinine
A
  2. Produced at a fairly constant rate (a good indicator of KI function)
  3. Not affected by diet or hormone level (best KI function test)
  4. Waste product of muscle metabolism
  5. Serum creatinine rises when KI function is impaired
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8
Q
  1. Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and how it is measured?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best overall index of kidney function. Normal GFR varies according to age, sex, and body size, and declines with age.

Online calculators available. http://www.nephron.com/MDRD_GFR.cgi

A
  1. Volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsules per unit time.
    Ideally measured by any chemical that:
    a. Has a steady level in the blood
    b. is freely filtered
    c. Not reabsorbed by the kidneys
    d. Not secreted by the kidneys
    e. The concentration of this chemical in the blood is therefore directly related to the rate of glomerular filtration
    f. The closest to this ideal chemical is creatinine.
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9
Q
  1. What is serum electrolytes?
Note: Serum values of electrolytes
Cations (positive charge)	 	Normal Range(mmol/L)	
	Sodium				133 - 145
	Potassium				3.3 – 5.1
Anions (negative charge)
	Chloride				98 - 111
	Bicarbonate			24 - 31
A 
9.
1. Electrolytes are substances that become ions (electrically charged particles) in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity.
2. The balance of electrolytes is essential for normal function of cells and organs
3. Electrolyte balance affects:
a. Hydration
b. Acid-base balance
c. Osmotic pressures
d. Nerve and muscle function
3. Important in transport of substances into and out of cells
4. Most common serum electrolytes:
Sodium 			Na⁺
Potassium			K⁺
Chloride			Cl⁻
Bicarbonate		HCO3−
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10
Q
  1. Imbalances of Sodium/Chloride disorders
A 
10. 
1 Hypernatremia
Inadequate fluid intake
Increased sodium intake
Diaphoresis
Inadequate ADH(diabetes insipidus)
Some drugs 
Hypertonic fluids/tube feedings
Major burns
2. Hyponatremia
Prolonged diuretic therapy
Excessive sweating (diaphoresis)
Gastrointestinal losses
Insufficient Na intake
Laxatives
Administration of hypotonic fluids
Compulsive water drinking
Alcoholism
Addison disease
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11
Q
  1. Imbalances of Potassium disorders
A
  2. Hypokalemia<3.3 mmol/L
    Diarrhea, vomiting
    Severe diaphoresis
    Diuretics, laxatives
    Inadequate dietary intake
    Excess insulin
    Stress
    Steroid medications
    Hepatic disease
    Acute alcoholism
    Transient shift of potassium into cells, as in Alkalosis
  3. Hyperkalemia>5.1 mmol/L
    Decrease K⁺ excretion
    a. Renal failure
    b. Oliguria
    Excessive intake
    Medications
    Hyponatremia
    Excessive use of salt substitutes!
    Transient shift of potassium out of cells, as in Acidosis
    Widespread cell damage, burns, trauma
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12
Q
  1. Basic facts on Bicarbonate (CO2 Content)

HCO3−

A

12.
Normal range 21–31 mmol/L
Acts as buffer to maintain normal pH in blood and body fluids
Also released by pancreas to neutralize acidic chyme entering duodenum from stomach.
HCO3- levels are increased in metabolic alkalosis (persistent vomiting, nasogastric suction).
HCO3- levels are decreased in metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis of DM, shock, renal failure)

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13
Q
  1. What are the skeletal System lab tests
A 
13.
Serum calcium
Serum uric acid
Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Vitamin D
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14
Q
  1. Basic facts on serum calcium
A

14.
Normal Total serum calcium level is 2.18 to 2.58 mmol/L
Normal Ionized or free calcium level is 1.15-1.35mmol/L
Most abundant mineral in the body
More than 99% of the body’s calcium is located in the skeletal system
Regulated by the parathyroid gland hormone which:
a. Helps with calcium retention and phosphate excretion through the kidneys
b. Promotes calcium absorption in the intestines
c. Helps mobilize calcium from the bone
Important in coagulation and muscle contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses
Intracellular calcium - contraction of muscles
Extracellular calcium - blood clotting
Tooth and bone formation
Normal heart rhythm

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15
Q
  1. Basic facts on ionized calcium vs total calcium
A

15.
Normal Findings Ionized or Free Calcium:
Total serum calcium level varies with serum albumin level
Serum albumin is a protein which binds calcium
Biologic effects of calcium depend on ionized calcium, not total calcium
Ionized calcium is independent of albumin level
Therefore, measure ionized or free calcium if:
a. serum albumin is abnormal
b. calcium level is normal but a calcium disorder is suspected

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16
Q
  1. Imbalances of Calcium disorders
A 
16.
1. Hypocalcemia
Vitamin D/Calcium deficiency
Inadequate exposure to ultraviolet light
Primary/surgical hypoparathyroidism
Pancreatitis
Renal failure
Poor dietary absorption
Kidney disease
2. Hypercalcemia
I. Serum Calcium level above 2.58 mmol/L
II. Occurs in:
a. hyperparathyroidism
b. bone malignancies
c. hormone disorders
d. excessive vitamin D
e. Acidosis
III. may cause kidney stones
17
Q
  1. Basic facts on serum Uric Acid
A

17.
I. Indications: Evaluation of gout or recurrent urinary stone.
II. Normal Findings: 140-410 µmoles/L. Values increase with age.
III. Uric acid is a nitrogenous compound that is final product of purine catabolism. Purines are found in the body as well as in certain foods like meat and seafood. About 75% of uric acid is excreted from the body by kidneys and rest by intestinal tract. It is made in liver. When uric acid levels become excessive (hyperuricemia), the patient may have gout. It is a type of arthritis in which uric acid crystals are deposited in tissues around the joints. Uric acid crystals may also be deposited in soft tissues called tophi. Uric acid can become supersaturated in the urine and crystallize to form kidney stones that can block the ureters. Many causes of high levels of uric acid are idiopathic.

18
Q
  1. Basic facts on Rheumatoid Factor Test (RF)
A
  1. I. Normal Findings: Negative (< 60 units/L). CLS conducts a quantitative test and normal levels are 0-20.0 kU/L.
    II. Indications: The RF test is useful in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects most joints. Small joints of the hands are especially affected, but it can strike any part of the body. Involvement of the joints is bilateral and symmetric. Since it is an autoimmune disorder antibodies called rheumatoid factor are mistakenly made by the immune system of the body. These antibodies attack the membrane lining the joint cavity called synovial membrane. This leads to pain, swelling, and inflammation of the involved joint. The exact cause of autoimmunity is unknown but in 50% of patients genetics play a role. There is no known cure of this condition

19
Q
  1. Basic facts on Vitamin D and its disorders
A 
19.
Indications: To ensure postmenopausal women have adequate levels of vitamin D to absorb dietary calcium. Because of the role of vitamin D in osteoporosis and cancer prevention more and more people are having this test. Vitamin D is produced in skin exposed to sunlight. Adequate amounts are made after only 10-15 minutes exposure at least two times per week to the face, arms, hands and back without sunscreens. Melanin acts as a light filter. Individuals with dark skin need more time in sunlight as compared to those with fair skin. Decreased levels are seen in: 
a. Rickets
b. osteoporosis 
c. osteomalacia
d. Renal disease
e. Liver disease
f. Inadequate dietary intake
g. Inadequate exposure to sun.
20
Q
  1. Urologic/skeletal systems lab tests related summary
A 
20. 
Lab tests related to Urologic/Skeletal systems.
I. Urinalysis (UA)
1. Appearance and color
2. Odor
3. pH
4. Protein
5. Glucose
6. Specific gravity
7. Leukocyte esterase
8. Nitrites
9. Ketones
10. Bilirubin and Urobilinogen
11. Microscopic examination of urine sediment
12. Crystals
13. Casts
II. Serum creatinine
III. Creatinine clearance
IV. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
V. Estimated GFR
VI. Electrolytes
1. Serum sodium
2. Serum potassium
3. Serum chloride
4. Co2 content
21
Q
  1. Skeletal system lab tests related summary
A 
21.
Serum calcium
Serum uric acid
Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Vitamin D

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