Western Civilization FInal Flashcards
1
Q
What did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel have a lot of?
A
power
2
Q
Absolutism
A
absolute power
3
Q
Who inherits Portugal?
A
Spain
4
Q
What are the protestants in France known as?
A
Hugenots
5
Q
Hugenots
A
they are the radical protestants
6
Q
How many religious wars between the catholics and protestants take place from 1562-1598?
A
8 religious wars
7
Q
What did the religious wars of 1562-1598 end with?
A
St. Bartholmeus’s Day Massacre
8
Q
St. Bartholmeus’s Day Massacre
A
6 day slaughter of Huguenots
9
Q
What percentage of France is Catholic?
A
90%
10
Q
Who does Henry of Nevoirs become?
A
Henry IV
11
Q
Do the Catholics like Henry IV as king?
A
no
12
Q
Since the Catholics don’t like King Henry IV, what does he do?
A
converts to Catholicism
13
Q
What is King Henry IV’s overall goal?
A
to make everyone happy
14
Q
Edict of Nantes
A
declarations of religious toleration
15
Q
What does the Edict of Nantes allow the Protestants to do?
A
to live in peace and set up their house of worship in some cities
16
Q
When was King Henry IV murdered?
A
1610
17
Q
Describe Louis XIII.
A
weak and very Catholic
18
Q
Who does Louis XIII appoint? Why?
A
Cardinal Richelieu so he can handle basically everything
19
Q
What do cardinals select?
A
the Pope
20
Q
What was Cardinal Richelieu against?
A
the Hugenots
21
Q
What did Cardinal Richelieu weaken? Why?
A
he weakened Nobles’ Power so the King has more power
22
Q
Michel de Montaigne
A
- develops the essay
- believes that you can never have absolute knowledge
23
Q
Nene Descartes
A
- used observations and reason
- developed the scientific method
24
Q
What is the 7 years war also known as?
A
the French and Indian War
25
What ended the 30 years war?
Peace of Westphalia
26
In 1555, what were many regions governed by?
a prince
27
What can the prince determine in the region?
the religion
28
What are the religions that the princes can use in their region? What religion can they not use?
Use:
- Lutheran and Catholic
Not Use:
- Calvinists
29
What happens if princes have different religions from each other?
they don't get along
30
What did the Lutherans join in 1608?
Protestant Union
31
What did the Catholics join is 1609?
Catholic League
32
Despite France being mainly Catholic, what side do they support?
the Protestants
33
What were the two phases of the 30 years war?
Hapsburg Triumphs and the Hapsburg Defeats
34
Who is the ruling family, during the 30 years War?
the Hapsburgs
35
Which side loses in the 30 years war? What does this lead to?
- Catholics
| - Holy Roman Empire doesn’t survive
36
What did the 30 years war almost become?
Almost the first major continental war
37
What happened to the population of Germany, as a result of the 30 years war?
dropped from 20 million to 16 million
38
Who had major losses during the 30 years war?
Germany
39
What were the consequences of the 30 years war?
- Weakened Spain and Austria (Hapsburg States)
- Strengthened France
- Ended religious wars in Europe
- Peace by Treaty
40
What started the 30 years war? (FIND THIS)
France wanted to stay in power, so he supported the Protestants
41
What are the results of the 30 years war?
- 300 German states - had more rights (more religious freedom - includes Calvinism)
- Independence of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland
- French annexed Alsace
Mouth of Rhino River goes to the Dutch
- Frances becomes the strongest country in Europe (military wise)
- France has an absolute monarchy
42
Why is the Mouth of Rhino River important?
transportation + trade (Dutch will eventually become powerful due to its economy)
43
What does Amsterdam become because of the 30 years war?
becomes the center for economics - long term commercial growth (strongest in wealth)
44
What is the color for royalty in Dutch?
orange
45
What is Peter the Great's goal?
to make Russia like the rest of Europe
46
Why is it difficult to visit Russia?
they are isolated
47
What does Peter the Great do, to find about other countries?
He goes to other countries and sees what other countries are doing
48
Because Russia is isolated from the rest of Europe, what happened?
the rest of Europe is advancing while Russia is not
49
James I (1603)
- Puritans in 1620 come in Mayflower and reason why we have Thanksgiving
- Anglican Church which is Protestant
- He did not make any Puritan reforms
- Inheriting debt
- After James I is Charles the I who is his son
50
What type of government is England under, during the 1600s?
an English monarchy
51
Charles I (1625)
- Dissolves Parliament
| - 1628 they draft a Petition of Rights
52
1628 Petition of Rights
- No imprisonment without due cause
- Tax levies (raises) must have Parliament’s consent
- Quartering of Soldiers
- No martial law in peacetime
53
Why does Charles I ignore the 1628 Petition of Rights?
it makes it look like law is higher than the king and would contradict absolute monarchy
54
What are the two sides of the English Civil War?
Cavaliers vs. Puritans
55
Who do the Cavaliers support?
King Charles
56
Who do the Puritans support?
Oliver Cromwell
57
Which side wins the English Civil War?
Puritans
58
What happens to Charles I at the end of the war?
bring treason charges - sentenced to death
59
What does Cromwell set up, at first?
a Republic
60
What does Oliver Cromwell later become?
a military dictator
61
During Cromwell's ruling what did he do?
- Cromwell seizes land and homes of the Irish and gave it to the English soldiers
- Cromwell helped kill hundreds of thousands of Irish
62
Who restores the monarchy, after Cromwell died?
Charles II
63
Who is James II?
Catholic and he is not well liked (people want to overthrow him)
64
Who is Jame II's oldest daughter? Who does she marry?
- Mary
| - William of Orange
65
What is the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary take over and there was no war or fight for it because James II left
66
What do William and Mary set up in England?
a Constitutional Monarchy
67
What are the Bill of Rights?
Ruler cannot:
- suspend parliament’’s laws
- levee taxes without consent
- no penalty against king for giving grievances
68
What is the order of rule in England?
```
Elizabeth I
James I
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II
James II
William and Mary
```
69
Petrarch
father of Renaissance humanism
70
Vernacular
writing in the common language (allows more people to read texts)
71
What does the Sistine Chapel show?
wealth
72
Machiavelli
a political philosopher gave everyone the idea on the way to lead
73
What did Machiavelli believe about how a leader should rule?
- a leader should be a lion (courageous) and a fox (sneaky and sly)
- Ideal you should be loved and feared, but you can only have one so you want to be feared
- Feared leader means that people are less likely to turn on a person
74
What are the two parts of the Renaissance?
- Italian Renaissance
| - Northern Renaissance
75
What countries are a part of the Northern Renaissance?
- German
- England
- France
76
Italian humanists
wanted to revive classical texts
77
Christian humanists
inspirational leaders and they wanted to lead a Christian life; wanted the Church to inspire people to live the Christian life
78
What did the Reformation allow?
change
79
What does the printing press allow?
- allows people to share their opinions
| - allows more people to read and interpret the texts
80
Thomas More
- “Utopia” - means no place in Greek
- Utopia is the ideal place but it doesn’t exist
- He writes a book called Utopia
81
Why did people go to saloons?
to get their information if they couldn't read
82
What is the major center of the Renaissance?
Florence
83
Elizabethan Age
- Queen Elizabeth is from England
| - Queen Elizabeth was very well-educated
84
10th Century =
900s
85
What won't spread without the printing press?
ideas
86
What does the Renaissance teach?
people to be individual and discuss matters that are important
87
What does Martin Luther want?
to make the religion better for Roman Catholic Church
88
What did the Northern merchants have to pay toward the church?
taxes
89
Who is seen as a foreign rule during the Renaissance?
the Pope
90
Why don't people like the Church?
- Church is corrupt
- Extravagant spending - preaching things in the Bible but still fight wars
- Patronizing of the arts
91
patrons
accustomed to paying something
92
sovreignty
their own power or authority
93
When will countries become more unified?
16th century
94
When will Germany become unified?
until 19th century
95
Are there many places, where there is religious freedom during the Renaissance?
no
96
Curtail Indulgences
Church leaders were offering a place in heaven if they had offered money
97
Strength and Authority of local bishops
bishops are in charge of a number of cities or regions. They have to live in the area.
98
In the Council of Trent, what was required of priests?
Priests were required to be neatly dressed and highly educated
99
What will help the reformation?
print ideas
100
What did Martin Luther think?
thought there should be less sacrements
101
geocentric theory
earth in the middle - geo (middle), sun is around
102
What does the geocentric theory NOT explain?
does not explain the movement of sun, earth, and moon
103
Nicholas Copernicus
studied planets for 25 years
104
Heliocentric Theory
sun is in the middle, earth is around the sun
105
Why doesn't Nicholas Copernicus get punished by the church for his theory?
he dies right after he publishes his theory
106
Who takes over after Brche dies?
Kepler
107
What does Kepler say?
the planets move in ellipticals, not in circles
108
Who comes up with the Heliocentric Theory?
Nicholas Copernicus?
109
What does Galileo use to see new stars, mountains on moon, moons orbiting Jupiter?
a telescope
110
Was Galileo funded by wealthy families?
yes
111
Did Galileo create the telescope?
no, just used it
112
Who made the Copernican system popular?
Galileo
113
Copernican system
idea that all things are mathematically measurable
114
Intellectual Shift
normally people believed “Its like this because God mad wit like this” but now it is a shift to “all things are mathematically measurable”
115
mechanism
explains the world in terms of mechanical metaphors
116
How does the philosophy change, in Chapter 6?
Move from symbolic and sacramental to utility or usefulness
117
What is the Enlightenment also known as?
age of reason
118
What did Thomas Hobbes believe in?
a social contract
119
What does Thomas Hobbes social contract state?
that people need to give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order
120
What did John Locke believe in?
- says that people can learn from experiences and improve
- idea of self- government (people rule themselves)
- three natural rights (life, liberty, and property)
121
Most of our philosophies from the Declaration of Independence are similar to whose philosophies?
John Locke
122
Who is Hobbes closer to in philosophies?
Machiavelli
123
What are the five philosophies?
- Reason
- Nature
- Happiness
- Progress
- Liberty
124
Reason
logical reasoning (age of reason)
125
Nature
things that are natural or appear in nature
126
Happiness
people should be able to find joy (pursuit of happiness)
127
Progress
society should progress
128
Liberty
freedom to do things w/o government intervention (ex. Freedom of Speech)
129
What did Voltaire believe in?
Religious freedom, tolerance, reason + freedom of speech
130
What did Montesquieu believe in?
Separation of powers
131
Who believed in a direct democracy?
Rousseau
132
What did Beccaria believe in?
- laws should preserve social order; not avenge crimes
| - prevention, fairness
133
What did Mary Wollstonecraft write?
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
134
What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe in?
- Women should not be secondary to a man’s educational and should pursue male careers
- Women do not see an increase in rights
135
What were the outcomes of the Enlightenment?
1. Progress
2. More non-religious outlook
3. Rise of individualism
136
What did the Scientific Revolution allow for people?
allowed people to have their own thoughts and reason
137
What did a more non-religious outlook allow for people?
people question church and formed freedom of religion
138
What did a rise of individualism give people?
encourages people to use their own ability to determine right from wrong
139
Enlightened Absolutism/Despotism
a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.
140
Were all of the philosophies used in E.A.?
No, most of them
141
Who are the three monarchs that used E.A.?
- Frederick II of Prussia
- Joseph II of Austria
- Catherine II of Russia
142
Who embodied the Enlightenment most out of the three monarchs/
Frederick II of Prussia
143
Frederick II of Prussia
- corresponded with philosophies
- Tremendous loyalty led to extensive religious toleration
- Tolerant of Jews, Catholics, and was willing to build mosques for Turks if they moved into his country
144
Who said “First servant of the State”?
Frederick II of Prussia
145
Who abolished serfdom and torture (ended the death penalty)?
Joseph II of Austria
146
Joseph II of Austria
- Religious toleration for all Christians and Jews
- 1789 he decried all proprietors of land were to be taxed regardless of their social status
- Angry nobles blocked it and the proposal died with him in 1790
- The peasants would revolt over their newly granted rights
147
Who corresponded with Voltaire and Diderot?
Catherine II of Russia
148
Catherine II of Russia
- Restricted torture
- Limited religious toleration of Jews
- Ignored philosophies’ arguments against war
- Gained territory at expense of Ottoman Empire and Poland
149
Who made the encyclopedia?
Dinero
150
Who did the first estate consist of?
Roman Catholic clergy
151
Who did the second estate consist of?
rich nobles
152
What percentage of the population is second estate?
2%
153
Who did the third estate consist of?
urban workers, bourgeoisie, peasants
154
What percentage of the population is third estate?
97%
155
What percentage of the population is peasants?
80%
156
What taxes did the first estate pay?
none
157
What taxes did the second estate pay?
none
158
What taxes did the third estate pay?
1/2 income for taxes
159
What are the forces of change?
- Weak leadership
- Debt
- Ideas of the Enlightenment
- Growing resentment by the 3rd Estate
160
What was the Enlightenment a major part of?
the Revolution
161
What are the list of grievances?
- indirect taxes
- hunting rights of aristocracy
- church taxes and corruption
- gov’t waste
162
What took place at the Period Meetings of Estates General?
- Equitable taxes
- Local control
- Free press
163
Did Napoleon rule the way that Louis XVI did before the revolution?
no
164
What did Napoleon support?
laws that strengthens the central gov’t and achieved some goals of the revolution
165
What did Napoleon reject?
the church in national affairs, but recognize its importance
166
What did the Napoleonic Code do?
- Gave the country a set of laws and eliminated many injustices
- However, freedom of speech and press were restricted
- Code also restored slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean
167
What did Napoleon want?
wanted to control the rest of Europe
168
What is Napoleon fearful of?
ambitions, Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden join agent France
169
Peninsular War
- Napoleon sent an invasion force through Spain to get to Portugal
- Spanish were outraged and for six years attacked his armies, killing 300,000 total
- People started turning against the French empire
170
What happened in June 1812?
Napoleon invaded Russia
171
By November of 1812, what happened?
the armies were attacked by Russians when they were trying to retreat
172
By December of 1812, what happened?
the last of the army (10,000) made it back to France
173
What did Napoleon's defeat open the door to?
for the freed European countries to establish a new order
174
Who is a part of the Grand Alliance?
GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria
175
Which battle marked Napoleon's defeat?
Battle of Waterloo
176
What did the Congress of Vienna do to France?
Surround France with strong countries
177
What did the Congress of Vienna want to do to France?
Wanted to weaken France, but not make it powerless
178
Which powers increased due to the Congress of Vienna?
Britain and Prussia
179
What would eventually happen to nationalism because of the Congress of Vienna?
nationalism would spread and new nations would be formed
180
German Confederation
Groups of 39 German states were loosely joined together
181
Did the original rulers regain their thrones after Napoleon was no longer in power?
yes
182
What did the Congress of Vienna create?
a time of peace in Europe
183
What were rulers worried about the French Revolution?
its legacy
184
Holy Alliance
Prussia and Austria signed an agreement to aid each other if a revolution broke out
185
Concert of Europe
A series of alliances that would aid each other
186
What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna?
- Influenced politics for the next 100 years
- Continent-wide effort diminished the power of France, while increasing the power of Britain and Prussia
- Nationalism spread in Italy, Germany, Greece, among others
- Eventually new nations would be formed, Spanish colonies would revolt and declare independence
187
Who were the conservatives? What did they want?
- wealthy
| - wanted no changes so they stay wealthy
188
Who were the liberals? What did they want?
- middle class
| - wanted some changes since they work or own a business
189
radicals
people who want to revolt and make major changes
190
Who were the radicals?
all people
191
What did European rulers want to do and make sure of, after the revolution?
rulers wanted to restore stability and make sure a revolution didn’t happen
192
What was copied by Napoleon?
his efficiency in controlling population
193
What is Romanticism?
the reaction against the Enlightenment
194
What does Romanticism push for?
for natural feelings and the understanding that people can act irrational
195
Besides Romantics, what also attacked the legacy of the Enlightenment?
states
196
What did states view religion as, after the Enlightenment?
a useful tool aid in repression
197
conservatism
writings of Edmund Burke; slow political change over the passage of time
198
nationalism
all identities are defined by their connection with a nation; primary loyalty
199
Why was nationalism tied to liberalism in the early 19th century?
many of them wanted political equality and human freedom
200
What aided with nationalism in Germany?
German romanticism
201
liberalism
foundations in the Enlightenment
o Individual’s natural rights
o Constitutions
o Formation of parliamentary bodies
202
What was liberalism also known to be?
a school of economic thought
203
What did the Romantic Movement influence?
religion, art, music, and philosophy
204
What did the Romantic movement root from?
the individualism of the Renaissance
205
What did Rousseau and Immanuel Kant question?
rationalism and if it was sufficient to explain human nature and be the bedrock for organizing human society
206
What did the Enlightenment stress?
reason
207
What did Romanticism reject?
reason
208
What did Romanticism stress?
emotion, intuition, and subjective feelings
209
What did Romantics prefer?
to contemplate the beauty of nature
210
What did the Emile describe?
the difference between children and adults
211
What concept did Romantic writers believe would lead to a natural society?
- Learn by trial and error
| - parents and teachers should stay completely out of the way
212
How was poetry enhanced?
by freely following the creative impulses of the mind
213
What did Samuel Taylor Coleridge feel an artist's imagination?
the artist’s imagination was God at work in the mind
214
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
- A story of a sailor cursed for killing an albatross
- Treats the subject as a crime against nature and God
- Raises the issue of guilt, punishment
- End of the poem, the mariner discovers the beauty of all things, repents, and the curse is gone
215
What did William Wordsworth write?
Ode on Intimations of Immorality
216
What was Ode on Intimations of Immorality about?
- Loss of poetic vision
| - Stated nature no longer spoke freely to him, fearing it never will again
217
What did Wordsworth and Coleridge feel about aging and living?
- it corrupted and deadened the imagination
| - making inner feelings less important
218
What did Lord Byron reject and champion?
Rejected old traditions, championed liberty
219
What two pieces did Lord Byron write?
- Child Harold’s Pilgrimage
| - Don Juan
220
What was Don Juan about?
Use ribald humor, wrote about nature’s cruelty and beauty, and admiration for urban life
221
Who was the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft?
Mary Goldwin Shelley
222
What did Mary Goldwin Shelley write?
Frankenstein
223
Who were the English Romantics?
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- William Wordsworth
- Lord Byron
- Mary Goldwin Shelley
224
What were characteristics of German Romantic Literature?
- Novels often highly sentimental and borrowed from medieval romances
- Characters were treated as symbols of a larger truth of life
225
What did Frederick Schlegel write?
Lucinde
226
Lucinde
- attacked prejudices against women
| - Characters was described as equal to the male hero
227
What did Johann Wolfgang von Goethe write?
- The Sorrows of Young Werther
| - Faust Part I, Part II
228
The Sorrows of Young Werther
- Series of letters where the hero falls in love with Lotte, who is married to another man. Eventually they separate, but in his grief. Werther takes his own life
- Admired emphasis on feeling and on living outside the bounds of polite society
229
Faust
Faust makes a pact with the devil, exchanging his soul for greater knowledge. Later seduces a young woman named Gretchen
230
What did King Charles X try to restore?
France to an absolute monarchy
231
Who was King Charles X replaced by?
Louis-Philippe
232
What did Louis-Philippe support?
liberal reforms
233
When did Louis-Napoleon become emperor?
December 1848
234
What did Louis-Napoleon do as emperor?
- Built railroads, encouraged industrialization, promoted jobs
- Unemployment decreased
- France would experience great prosperity
235
What were the positive results of nationalism?
- People within a nation overcoming their differences for a common good
- Overthrow of colonial rule
- Democratic governments in nations throughout the world
- Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances
236
What were the negative results of nationalism?
- Forced assimilation
- Ethnic cleansing
- Possible rise of extreme nationalistic movements
- Competition leading to warfare
237
What was popular around the world, in 1821?
Revolution was popular around the world
238
Who supported the Greeks, for their revolution?
Russians and educated Europeans
239
Which countries' uprisings failed?
Italy, Belgium
240
By 1849, what did Europe return?
the same conservatism as before
241
Who said “Nationality is the role assigned by God to a people in the work of humanity. It is its mission, its task on earth, to the end that God’s thought may be realized in the world."?
Giuseppe Mazzini
242
During 1830s and 40s, which two people led insurrections in Italy?
Mazzini and Garibaldi
243
What frightened moderate Italians?
Republican nationalism
244
By 1860, what did the Italian peninsula transform into under a constitutional monarchy?
a nation-state
245
What did Cavour reject and favor?
rejected republicanism, favored a unified state
246
What did Garibaldi and Cavour agree about?
Italy should be freed from foreign control
247
During March 1861, what did the Italian parliament proclaim?
an independent kingdom of Italy, but unification was still not complete
248
Why did Bismarck embrace the cause of German nationalism?
as a strategy to enable Prussian conservatives to outmaneuver Prussian liberals
249
White Revolution
the transformations in German history that he oversaw amounted to a revolution with the aim of protecting core conservative values
250
Franco-Prussian War and German Empire
- Led to the unification of Northern and Southern German empires
- William accepted title of Emperor, and princes remained heads of their states
- Germany annexed Alsace and parts of Lorraine
251
What was the impact of the Franco-Prussian War and German Empire?
- Large, powerful state in north central Europe
- Rich in natural resources and talented citizens
- Advanced education system
- Militarily and economically stronger than Prussia
- Blow to European liberalism because it was a conservative creation
252
What were the two immediate impacts of the Franco-Prussian War and German Empire on France and Austria?
- France returned to republicans’ gov’t
| - Habsburg undertook a major domestic restructuring
253
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
- Large population
| - Many natural resources
254
What natural resources led to the Industrial Revolution to begin in England?
- Water power and coal to fuel new machines
- Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings
- Rivers for inland transportation
- Harbors from which merchant ships set sail
255
In the early 1800s, was Britain a true democracy?
no
256
Why was the middle class larger than before?
due to the Industrial Revolution
257
Reform Mill of 1832
extended property requirements so that well-to-do men in the middle class could vote
258
What did the Reform Bill increase?
number of voters, but only a small percentage were able to vote
259
Chartist Movement
they presented demands to Parliament called The People’s Charter of 1838
260
What did the People’s Charter of 1838 call for?
- all men and annual Parliamentary elections
| - Wanted to make Parliament responsive to the lower classes
261
After 1884, what did most adult males have in Britain?
the right to vote
262
Since 18th century, how did biologists classify humans?
according to their skin color, language, and the stage of civilization
263
After late-18th century, what similarities did linguistic scholars observe?
between many of the languages and Sanskrit, they postulated an ancient race called the Aryans
264
In late 19th century, what did race emerge as?
the single dominant explanation of the history and character of large groups of people
265
What did Count Arthur de Gobineau write?
Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
266
Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
- Portrayed the troubles of Western civilization as the result of the long degeneration of the original white Aryan race
- Claimed it had unwisely intermarried with the inferior yellow and black races, thus diluting the greatness ad ability that originally existed in its blood
267
What did Houston Stewart Chamberlain feel?
that through genetics the human race could be improved and a superior race could be developed
268
Who did Houston Stewart Chamberlain point out to be the major enemy of European racial regeneration?
the Jews
269
What is Imperialism?
- Quest for a colonial empire
| - Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
270
What did industrialization start?
high ambitions for more resources
271
What did colonial powers seize in the 19th and 20th centuries?
vast areas of Africa
272
Prior to taking most of Africa, what percentage had European countries imperialized on the continent?
10%
273
Which country colonized Congo?
Belgium
274
How did imperialism create a strong sense of national pride?
- An empire was viewed as a measure of greatness
| - Competition began to intensify
275
Was natural selection applied to human society?
yes
276
What would those who were the fittest for survival enjoy?
wealth and success
277
What inventions allowed Europeans to easily control their empire?
Communication, travel, etc.
278
What discouraged unity in Africa?
huge variety of languages and cultures
279
What happened when the Suez Canal opened?
- Egypt soon found that they could not repay the interest on the debt
- 1882 Britain began occupation of Egypt
280
When did the British economic interest begin in India?
1600s
281
East India Company
Ran government and even had own army, included sepoys
282
What did the Industrial Revolution turn Britain into?
an industrial workshop, of which India was a major supplier
283
Which country was considered the “Jewel in the Crown”?
India
284
What did the British set up, in order to prevent the Indian economy from operating on its own?
restrictions
285
What is an example of the restrictions that were set up by the British to India?
Raw materials produced for Britain, and India to buy British goods
286
What did the British trade?
- Tea
- indigo
- coffee
- cotton
- jute
287
When did the cotton production increase for Britain?
increased when the American Civil War cut off the supply from the United States for Britain
288
What did many Indians believe the British was trying to do to them?
to convert them to Christianity
289
What did Hindus consider sacred?
the cow
290
What do Muslims not eat?
pork
291
What happened when the sepoys refused to accept the cartridges?
- They were then jailed
- The next day, they rebelled
- They marched to Delhi, and took the city
292
What were the rumors about the sepoys' cartridges?
cartridges of their new rifles were greased with beef and pork fat
293
What did the sepoy mutiny fuel and cause?
- attitudes of racism
| - caused a rise in nationalism
294
What were the main causes of the Great War?
- Militarism
- Alliances
- Imperialism
- Nationalism
295
Who was assassinated on June 28, 1914 that started WWI?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
296
Militarism
the policy of glorifying war and having a military prepared for war
297
nationalism
a deep devotion to one's nation
298
imperialism
nations competing for land around the world pushed these countries closer to conflict in Europe
299
Why was the Alliance System designed?
to keep peace
300
Which countries were a part of the Triple Alliance?
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary
- Italy
- Ottoman Empire
301
Alliance System
European countries formed sides to protect each other. A fight against one country was a fight against all
302
Triple Entente
- Great Britain
- France
- Russia
(later the U.S.)
303
Why was the Balkans known as the "powder keg"?
there was a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes
304
What countries formed as a result of the Ottoman Empire's rapid decline?
Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia
305
What large population did Serbia have?
a large Slavic population
306
What did Serbia hope to do because they had a large Slavic population?
Hoped to absorb all Slavs on the Balkan peninsula
307
Did the Russians support Serbian nationalism?
yes
308
Why did Austria-Hungary oppose of Serbian nationalism?
fearing a rebellion from their Slavic population
309
What are the most common opinions about the causes of the Great War?
- German ambition for a higher place in the international order under Kaiser William II led a new challenge to the status quo
- German bullying resulted in a series of crises that led to the final crisis in July 1914 when Germany supported (ahem…pushed) Austria into a war against Serbia
310
What are the causes/theories of the Great War?
- Deeper causes are Germany’s new ambitions to become a dominant European power, causing Britain to want to maintain its naval supremacy and abandon its “splendid isolation.”
- Arms race ensued and Germany assumed a rigid stance, making no attempt to ease the tension
311
What were the Allie strengths, regarding WWI?
- numbers
- financial resources
- command of the sea
312
What were the Central Powers strengths, regarding WWI?
possessing internal lines of communications and launching their first attack
313
Schlieffen Plan
German military plan to rapidly attack and defeat France and then move to take Russia
314
What happened at the Battle of Marne?
French and British were able to stop the Germans from taking Paris
315
After the Battle of Marne, what did the battle become?
a battle of position instead of movement
316
Since it became a battle of position, what type of warfare occurred?
trench warfare
317
trench warfare
a form of warfare where opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield
318
Western Front
Border between France and Germany where half of WWI was fought
319
Eastern Front
Area along the German and Russian border, where the other half of WWI was fought
