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Western Civilization > Western Civilization FInal > Flashcards

Western Civilization FInal Flashcards

1
Q

What did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel have a lot of?

A

power

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2
Q

Absolutism

A

absolute power

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3
Q

Who inherits Portugal?

A

Spain

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4
Q

What are the protestants in France known as?

A

Hugenots

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5
Q

Hugenots

A

they are the radical protestants

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6
Q

How many religious wars between the catholics and protestants take place from 1562-1598?

A

8 religious wars

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7
Q

What did the religious wars of 1562-1598 end with?

A

St. Bartholmeus’s Day Massacre

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8
Q

St. Bartholmeus’s Day Massacre

A

6 day slaughter of Huguenots

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9
Q

What percentage of France is Catholic?

A

90%

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10
Q

Who does Henry of Nevoirs become?

A

Henry IV

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11
Q

Do the Catholics like Henry IV as king?

A

no

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12
Q

Since the Catholics don’t like King Henry IV, what does he do?

A

converts to Catholicism

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13
Q

What is King Henry IV’s overall goal?

A

to make everyone happy

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14
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

declarations of religious toleration

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15
Q

What does the Edict of Nantes allow the Protestants to do?

A

to live in peace and set up their house of worship in some cities

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16
Q

When was King Henry IV murdered?

A

1610

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17
Q

Describe Louis XIII.

A

weak and very Catholic

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18
Q

Who does Louis XIII appoint? Why?

A

Cardinal Richelieu so he can handle basically everything

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19
Q

What do cardinals select?

A

the Pope

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20
Q

What was Cardinal Richelieu against?

A

the Hugenots

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21
Q

What did Cardinal Richelieu weaken? Why?

A

he weakened Nobles’ Power so the King has more power

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22
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A
  • develops the essay

- believes that you can never have absolute knowledge

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23
Q

Nene Descartes

A
  • used observations and reason

- developed the scientific method

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24
Q

What is the 7 years war also known as?

A

the French and Indian War

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25
Q

What ended the 30 years war?

A

Peace of Westphalia

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26
Q

In 1555, what were many regions governed by?

A

a prince

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27
Q

What can the prince determine in the region?

A

the religion

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28
Q

What are the religions that the princes can use in their region? What religion can they not use?

A

Use:
- Lutheran and Catholic

Not Use:
- Calvinists

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29
Q

What happens if princes have different religions from each other?

A

they don’t get along

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30
Q

What did the Lutherans join in 1608?

A

Protestant Union

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31
Q

What did the Catholics join is 1609?

A

Catholic League

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32
Q

Despite France being mainly Catholic, what side do they support?

A

the Protestants

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33
Q

What were the two phases of the 30 years war?

A

Hapsburg Triumphs and the Hapsburg Defeats

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34
Q

Who is the ruling family, during the 30 years War?

A

the Hapsburgs

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35
Q

Which side loses in the 30 years war? What does this lead to?

A
  • Catholics

- Holy Roman Empire doesn’t survive

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36
Q

What did the 30 years war almost become?

A

Almost the first major continental war

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37
Q

What happened to the population of Germany, as a result of the 30 years war?

A

dropped from 20 million to 16 million

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38
Q

Who had major losses during the 30 years war?

A

Germany

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39
Q

What were the consequences of the 30 years war?

A
  • Weakened Spain and Austria (Hapsburg States)
  • Strengthened France
  • Ended religious wars in Europe
  • Peace by Treaty
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40
Q

What started the 30 years war? (FIND THIS)

A

France wanted to stay in power, so he supported the Protestants

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41
Q

What are the results of the 30 years war?

A
  • 300 German states - had more rights (more religious freedom - includes Calvinism)
  • Independence of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland
  • French annexed Alsace
    Mouth of Rhino River goes to the Dutch
  • Frances becomes the strongest country in Europe (military wise)
  • France has an absolute monarchy
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42
Q

Why is the Mouth of Rhino River important?

A

transportation + trade (Dutch will eventually become powerful due to its economy)

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43
Q

What does Amsterdam become because of the 30 years war?

A

becomes the center for economics - long term commercial growth (strongest in wealth)

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44
Q

What is the color for royalty in Dutch?

A

orange

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45
Q

What is Peter the Great’s goal?

A

to make Russia like the rest of Europe

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46
Q

Why is it difficult to visit Russia?

A

they are isolated

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47
Q

What does Peter the Great do, to find about other countries?

A

He goes to other countries and sees what other countries are doing

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48
Q

Because Russia is isolated from the rest of Europe, what happened?

A

the rest of Europe is advancing while Russia is not

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49
Q

James I (1603)

A
  • Puritans in 1620 come in Mayflower and reason why we have Thanksgiving
  • Anglican Church which is Protestant
  • He did not make any Puritan reforms
  • Inheriting debt
  • After James I is Charles the I who is his son
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50
Q

What type of government is England under, during the 1600s?

A

an English monarchy

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51
Q

Charles I (1625)

A
  • Dissolves Parliament

- 1628 they draft a Petition of Rights

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52
Q

1628 Petition of Rights

A
  • No imprisonment without due cause
  • Tax levies (raises) must have Parliament’s consent
  • Quartering of Soldiers
  • No martial law in peacetime
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53
Q

Why does Charles I ignore the 1628 Petition of Rights?

A

it makes it look like law is higher than the king and would contradict absolute monarchy

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54
Q

What are the two sides of the English Civil War?

A

Cavaliers vs. Puritans

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55
Q

Who do the Cavaliers support?

A

King Charles

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56
Q

Who do the Puritans support?

A

Oliver Cromwell

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57
Q

Which side wins the English Civil War?

A

Puritans

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58
Q

What happens to Charles I at the end of the war?

A

bring treason charges - sentenced to death

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59
Q

What does Cromwell set up, at first?

A

a Republic

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60
Q

What does Oliver Cromwell later become?

A

a military dictator

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61
Q

During Cromwell’s ruling what did he do?

A
  • Cromwell seizes land and homes of the Irish and gave it to the English soldiers
  • Cromwell helped kill hundreds of thousands of Irish
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62
Q

Who restores the monarchy, after Cromwell died?

A

Charles II

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63
Q

Who is James II?

A

Catholic and he is not well liked (people want to overthrow him)

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64
Q

Who is Jame II’s oldest daughter? Who does she marry?

A
  • Mary

- William of Orange

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65
Q

What is the Glorious Revolution?

A

William and Mary take over and there was no war or fight for it because James II left

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66
Q

What do William and Mary set up in England?

A

a Constitutional Monarchy

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67
Q

What are the Bill of Rights?

A

Ruler cannot:

  • suspend parliament’’s laws
  • levee taxes without consent
  • no penalty against king for giving grievances
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68
Q

What is the order of rule in England?

A 
Elizabeth I
James I
Charles I 
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II
James II
William and Mary
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69
Q

Petrarch

A

father of Renaissance humanism

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70
Q

Vernacular

A

writing in the common language (allows more people to read texts)

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71
Q

What does the Sistine Chapel show?

A

wealth

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72
Q

Machiavelli

A

a political philosopher gave everyone the idea on the way to lead

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73
Q

What did Machiavelli believe about how a leader should rule?

A
  • a leader should be a lion (courageous) and a fox (sneaky and sly)
  • Ideal you should be loved and feared, but you can only have one so you want to be feared
  • Feared leader means that people are less likely to turn on a person
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74
Q

What are the two parts of the Renaissance?

A
  • Italian Renaissance

- Northern Renaissance

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75
Q

What countries are a part of the Northern Renaissance?

A
  • German
  • England
  • France
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76
Q

Italian humanists

A

wanted to revive classical texts

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77
Q

Christian humanists

A

inspirational leaders and they wanted to lead a Christian life; wanted the Church to inspire people to live the Christian life

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78
Q

What did the Reformation allow?

A

change

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79
Q

What does the printing press allow?

A
  • allows people to share their opinions

- allows more people to read and interpret the texts

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80
Q

Thomas More

A
  • “Utopia” - means no place in Greek
  • Utopia is the ideal place but it doesn’t exist
  • He writes a book called Utopia
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81
Q

Why did people go to saloons?

A

to get their information if they couldn’t read

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82
Q

What is the major center of the Renaissance?

A

Florence

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83
Q

Elizabethan Age

A
  • Queen Elizabeth is from England

- Queen Elizabeth was very well-educated

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84
Q

10th Century =

A

900s

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85
Q

What won’t spread without the printing press?

A

ideas

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86
Q

What does the Renaissance teach?

A

people to be individual and discuss matters that are important

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87
Q

What does Martin Luther want?

A

to make the religion better for Roman Catholic Church

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88
Q

What did the Northern merchants have to pay toward the church?

A

taxes

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89
Q

Who is seen as a foreign rule during the Renaissance?

A

the Pope

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90
Q

Why don’t people like the Church?

A
  • Church is corrupt
  • Extravagant spending - preaching things in the Bible but still fight wars
  • Patronizing of the arts
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91
Q

patrons

A

accustomed to paying something

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92
Q

sovreignty

A

their own power or authority

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93
Q

When will countries become more unified?

A

16th century

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94
Q

When will Germany become unified?

A

until 19th century

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95
Q

Are there many places, where there is religious freedom during the Renaissance?

A

no

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96
Q

Curtail Indulgences

A

Church leaders were offering a place in heaven if they had offered money

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97
Q

Strength and Authority of local bishops

A

bishops are in charge of a number of cities or regions. They have to live in the area.

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98
Q

In the Council of Trent, what was required of priests?

A

Priests were required to be neatly dressed and highly educated

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99
Q

What will help the reformation?

A

print ideas

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100
Q

What did Martin Luther think?

A

thought there should be less sacrements

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101
Q

geocentric theory

A

earth in the middle - geo (middle), sun is around

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102
Q

What does the geocentric theory NOT explain?

A

does not explain the movement of sun, earth, and moon

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103
Q

Nicholas Copernicus

A

studied planets for 25 years

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104
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

sun is in the middle, earth is around the sun

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105
Q

Why doesn’t Nicholas Copernicus get punished by the church for his theory?

A

he dies right after he publishes his theory

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106
Q

Who takes over after Brche dies?

A

Kepler

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107
Q

What does Kepler say?

A

the planets move in ellipticals, not in circles

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108
Q

Who comes up with the Heliocentric Theory?

A

Nicholas Copernicus?

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109
Q

What does Galileo use to see new stars, mountains on moon, moons orbiting Jupiter?

A

a telescope

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110
Q

Was Galileo funded by wealthy families?

A

yes

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111
Q

Did Galileo create the telescope?

A

no, just used it

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112
Q

Who made the Copernican system popular?

A

Galileo

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113
Q

Copernican system

A

idea that all things are mathematically measurable

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114
Q

Intellectual Shift

A

normally people believed “Its like this because God mad wit like this” but now it is a shift to “all things are mathematically measurable”

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115
Q

mechanism

A

explains the world in terms of mechanical metaphors

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116
Q

How does the philosophy change, in Chapter 6?

A

Move from symbolic and sacramental to utility or usefulness

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117
Q

What is the Enlightenment also known as?

A

age of reason

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118
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes believe in?

A

a social contract

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119
Q

What does Thomas Hobbes social contract state?

A

that people need to give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order

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120
Q

What did John Locke believe in?

A
  • says that people can learn from experiences and improve
  • idea of self- government (people rule themselves)
  • three natural rights (life, liberty, and property)
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121
Q

Most of our philosophies from the Declaration of Independence are similar to whose philosophies?

A

John Locke

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122
Q

Who is Hobbes closer to in philosophies?

A

Machiavelli

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123
Q

What are the five philosophies?

A
  • Reason
  • Nature
  • Happiness
  • Progress
  • Liberty
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124
Q

Reason

A

logical reasoning (age of reason)

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125
Q

Nature

A

things that are natural or appear in nature

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126
Q

Happiness

A

people should be able to find joy (pursuit of happiness)

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127
Q

Progress

A

society should progress

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128
Q

Liberty

A

freedom to do things w/o government intervention (ex. Freedom of Speech)

129
Q

What did Voltaire believe in?

A

Religious freedom, tolerance, reason + freedom of speech

130
Q

What did Montesquieu believe in?

A

Separation of powers

131
Q

Who believed in a direct democracy?

132
Q

What did Beccaria believe in?

A
  • laws should preserve social order; not avenge crimes

- prevention, fairness

133
Q

What did Mary Wollstonecraft write?

A

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

134
Q

What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe in?

A
  • Women should not be secondary to a man’s educational and should pursue male careers
  • Women do not see an increase in rights
135
Q

What were the outcomes of the Enlightenment?

A
  1. Progress
  2. More non-religious outlook
  3. Rise of individualism
136
Q

What did the Scientific Revolution allow for people?

A

allowed people to have their own thoughts and reason

137
Q

What did a more non-religious outlook allow for people?

A

people question church and formed freedom of religion

138
Q

What did a rise of individualism give people?

A

encourages people to use their own ability to determine right from wrong

139
Q

Enlightened Absolutism/Despotism

A

a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

140
Q

Were all of the philosophies used in E.A.?

A

No, most of them

141
Q

Who are the three monarchs that used E.A.?

A
  • Frederick II of Prussia
  • Joseph II of Austria
  • Catherine II of Russia
142
Q

Who embodied the Enlightenment most out of the three monarchs/

A

Frederick II of Prussia

143
Q

Frederick II of Prussia

A
  • corresponded with philosophies
  • Tremendous loyalty led to extensive religious toleration
  • Tolerant of Jews, Catholics, and was willing to build mosques for Turks if they moved into his country
144
Q

Who said “First servant of the State”?

A

Frederick II of Prussia

145
Q

Who abolished serfdom and torture (ended the death penalty)?

A

Joseph II of Austria

146
Q

Joseph II of Austria

A
  • Religious toleration for all Christians and Jews
  • 1789 he decried all proprietors of land were to be taxed regardless of their social status
  • Angry nobles blocked it and the proposal died with him in 1790
  • The peasants would revolt over their newly granted rights
147
Q

Who corresponded with Voltaire and Diderot?

A

Catherine II of Russia

148
Q

Catherine II of Russia

A
  • Restricted torture
  • Limited religious toleration of Jews
  • Ignored philosophies’ arguments against war
  • Gained territory at expense of Ottoman Empire and Poland
149
Q

Who made the encyclopedia?

150
Q

Who did the first estate consist of?

A

Roman Catholic clergy

151
Q

Who did the second estate consist of?

A

rich nobles

152
Q

What percentage of the population is second estate?

153
Q

Who did the third estate consist of?

A

urban workers, bourgeoisie, peasants

154
Q

What percentage of the population is third estate?

155
Q

What percentage of the population is peasants?

156
Q

What taxes did the first estate pay?

157
Q

What taxes did the second estate pay?

158
Q

What taxes did the third estate pay?

A

1/2 income for taxes

159
Q

What are the forces of change?

A
  • Weak leadership
  • Debt
  • Ideas of the Enlightenment
  • Growing resentment by the 3rd Estate
160
Q

What was the Enlightenment a major part of?

A

the Revolution

161
Q

What are the list of grievances?

A
  • indirect taxes
  • hunting rights of aristocracy
  • church taxes and corruption
  • gov’t waste
162
Q

What took place at the Period Meetings of Estates General?

A
  • Equitable taxes
  • Local control
  • Free press
163
Q

Did Napoleon rule the way that Louis XVI did before the revolution?

164
Q

What did Napoleon support?

A

laws that strengthens the central gov’t and achieved some goals of the revolution

165
Q

What did Napoleon reject?

A

the church in national affairs, but recognize its importance

166
Q

What did the Napoleonic Code do?

A
  • Gave the country a set of laws and eliminated many injustices
  • However, freedom of speech and press were restricted
  • Code also restored slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean
167
Q

What did Napoleon want?

A

wanted to control the rest of Europe

168
Q

What is Napoleon fearful of?

A

ambitions, Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden join agent France

169
Q

Peninsular War

A
  • Napoleon sent an invasion force through Spain to get to Portugal
  • Spanish were outraged and for six years attacked his armies, killing 300,000 total
  • People started turning against the French empire
170
Q

What happened in June 1812?

A

Napoleon invaded Russia

171
Q

By November of 1812, what happened?

A

the armies were attacked by Russians when they were trying to retreat

172
Q

By December of 1812, what happened?

A

the last of the army (10,000) made it back to France

173
Q

What did Napoleon’s defeat open the door to?

A

for the freed European countries to establish a new order

174
Q

Who is a part of the Grand Alliance?

A

GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria

175
Q

Which battle marked Napoleon’s defeat?

A

Battle of Waterloo

176
Q

What did the Congress of Vienna do to France?

A

Surround France with strong countries

177
Q

What did the Congress of Vienna want to do to France?

A

Wanted to weaken France, but not make it powerless

178
Q

Which powers increased due to the Congress of Vienna?

A

Britain and Prussia

179
Q

What would eventually happen to nationalism because of the Congress of Vienna?

A

nationalism would spread and new nations would be formed

180
Q

German Confederation

A

Groups of 39 German states were loosely joined together

181
Q

Did the original rulers regain their thrones after Napoleon was no longer in power?

182
Q

What did the Congress of Vienna create?

A

a time of peace in Europe

183
Q

What were rulers worried about the French Revolution?

A

its legacy

184
Q

Holy Alliance

A

Prussia and Austria signed an agreement to aid each other if a revolution broke out

185
Q

Concert of Europe

A

A series of alliances that would aid each other

186
Q

What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna?

A
  • Influenced politics for the next 100 years
  • Continent-wide effort diminished the power of France, while increasing the power of Britain and Prussia
  • Nationalism spread in Italy, Germany, Greece, among others
  • Eventually new nations would be formed, Spanish colonies would revolt and declare independence
187
Q

Who were the conservatives? What did they want?

A
  • wealthy

- wanted no changes so they stay wealthy

188
Q

Who were the liberals? What did they want?

A
  • middle class

- wanted some changes since they work or own a business

189
Q

radicals

A

people who want to revolt and make major changes

190
Q

Who were the radicals?

A

all people

191
Q

What did European rulers want to do and make sure of, after the revolution?

A

rulers wanted to restore stability and make sure a revolution didn’t happen

192
Q

What was copied by Napoleon?

A

his efficiency in controlling population

193
Q

What is Romanticism?

A

the reaction against the Enlightenment

194
Q

What does Romanticism push for?

A

for natural feelings and the understanding that people can act irrational

195
Q

Besides Romantics, what also attacked the legacy of the Enlightenment?

196
Q

What did states view religion as, after the Enlightenment?

A

a useful tool aid in repression

197
Q

conservatism

A

writings of Edmund Burke; slow political change over the passage of time

198
Q

nationalism

A

all identities are defined by their connection with a nation; primary loyalty

199
Q

Why was nationalism tied to liberalism in the early 19th century?

A

many of them wanted political equality and human freedom

200
Q

What aided with nationalism in Germany?

A

German romanticism

201
Q

liberalism

A

foundations in the Enlightenment
o Individual’s natural rights
o Constitutions
o Formation of parliamentary bodies

202
Q

What was liberalism also known to be?

A

a school of economic thought

203
Q

What did the Romantic Movement influence?

A

religion, art, music, and philosophy

204
Q

What did the Romantic movement root from?

A

the individualism of the Renaissance

205
Q

What did Rousseau and Immanuel Kant question?

A

rationalism and if it was sufficient to explain human nature and be the bedrock for organizing human society

206
Q

What did the Enlightenment stress?

207
Q

What did Romanticism reject?

208
Q

What did Romanticism stress?

A

emotion, intuition, and subjective feelings

209
Q

What did Romantics prefer?

A

to contemplate the beauty of nature

210
Q

What did the Emile describe?

A

the difference between children and adults

211
Q

What concept did Romantic writers believe would lead to a natural society?

A
  • Learn by trial and error

- parents and teachers should stay completely out of the way

212
Q

How was poetry enhanced?

A

by freely following the creative impulses of the mind

213
Q

What did Samuel Taylor Coleridge feel an artist’s imagination?

A

the artist’s imagination was God at work in the mind

214
Q

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

A
  • A story of a sailor cursed for killing an albatross
  • Treats the subject as a crime against nature and God
  • Raises the issue of guilt, punishment
  • End of the poem, the mariner discovers the beauty of all things, repents, and the curse is gone
215
Q

What did William Wordsworth write?

A

Ode on Intimations of Immorality

216
Q

What was Ode on Intimations of Immorality about?

A
  • Loss of poetic vision

- Stated nature no longer spoke freely to him, fearing it never will again

217
Q

What did Wordsworth and Coleridge feel about aging and living?

A
  • it corrupted and deadened the imagination

- making inner feelings less important

218
Q

What did Lord Byron reject and champion?

A

Rejected old traditions, championed liberty

219
Q

What two pieces did Lord Byron write?

A
  • Child Harold’s Pilgrimage

- Don Juan

220
Q

What was Don Juan about?

A

Use ribald humor, wrote about nature’s cruelty and beauty, and admiration for urban life

221
Q

Who was the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft?

A

Mary Goldwin Shelley

222
Q

What did Mary Goldwin Shelley write?

A

Frankenstein

223
Q

Who were the English Romantics?

A
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge
  • William Wordsworth
  • Lord Byron
  • Mary Goldwin Shelley
224
Q

What were characteristics of German Romantic Literature?

A
  • Novels often highly sentimental and borrowed from medieval romances
  • Characters were treated as symbols of a larger truth of life
225
Q

What did Frederick Schlegel write?

226
Q

Lucinde

A
  • attacked prejudices against women

- Characters was described as equal to the male hero

227
Q

What did Johann Wolfgang von Goethe write?

A
  • The Sorrows of Young Werther

- Faust Part I, Part II

228
Q

The Sorrows of Young Werther

A
  • Series of letters where the hero falls in love with Lotte, who is married to another man. Eventually they separate, but in his grief. Werther takes his own life
  • Admired emphasis on feeling and on living outside the bounds of polite society
229
Q

Faust

A

Faust makes a pact with the devil, exchanging his soul for greater knowledge. Later seduces a young woman named Gretchen

230
Q

What did King Charles X try to restore?

A

France to an absolute monarchy

231
Q

Who was King Charles X replaced by?

A

Louis-Philippe

232
Q

What did Louis-Philippe support?

A

liberal reforms

233
Q

When did Louis-Napoleon become emperor?

A

December 1848

234
Q

What did Louis-Napoleon do as emperor?

A
  • Built railroads, encouraged industrialization, promoted jobs
  • Unemployment decreased
  • France would experience great prosperity
235
Q

What were the positive results of nationalism?

A
  • People within a nation overcoming their differences for a common good
  • Overthrow of colonial rule
  • Democratic governments in nations throughout the world
  • Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances
236
Q

What were the negative results of nationalism?

A
  • Forced assimilation
  • Ethnic cleansing
  • Possible rise of extreme nationalistic movements
  • Competition leading to warfare
237
Q

What was popular around the world, in 1821?

A

Revolution was popular around the world

238
Q

Who supported the Greeks, for their revolution?

A

Russians and educated Europeans

239
Q

Which countries’ uprisings failed?

A

Italy, Belgium

240
Q

By 1849, what did Europe return?

A

the same conservatism as before

241
Q

Who said “Nationality is the role assigned by God to a people in the work of humanity. It is its mission, its task on earth, to the end that God’s thought may be realized in the world.”?

A

Giuseppe Mazzini

242
Q

During 1830s and 40s, which two people led insurrections in Italy?

A

Mazzini and Garibaldi

243
Q

What frightened moderate Italians?

A

Republican nationalism

244
Q

By 1860, what did the Italian peninsula transform into under a constitutional monarchy?

A

a nation-state

245
Q

What did Cavour reject and favor?

A

rejected republicanism, favored a unified state

246
Q

What did Garibaldi and Cavour agree about?

A

Italy should be freed from foreign control

247
Q

During March 1861, what did the Italian parliament proclaim?

A

an independent kingdom of Italy, but unification was still not complete

248
Q

Why did Bismarck embrace the cause of German nationalism?

A

as a strategy to enable Prussian conservatives to outmaneuver Prussian liberals

249
Q

White Revolution

A

the transformations in German history that he oversaw amounted to a revolution with the aim of protecting core conservative values

250
Q

Franco-Prussian War and German Empire

A
  • Led to the unification of Northern and Southern German empires
  • William accepted title of Emperor, and princes remained heads of their states
  • Germany annexed Alsace and parts of Lorraine
251
Q

What was the impact of the Franco-Prussian War and German Empire?

A
  • Large, powerful state in north central Europe
  • Rich in natural resources and talented citizens
  • Advanced education system
  • Militarily and economically stronger than Prussia
  • Blow to European liberalism because it was a conservative creation
252
Q

What were the two immediate impacts of the Franco-Prussian War and German Empire on France and Austria?

A
  • France returned to republicans’ gov’t

- Habsburg undertook a major domestic restructuring

253
Q

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

A
  • Large population

- Many natural resources

254
Q

What natural resources led to the Industrial Revolution to begin in England?

A
  • Water power and coal to fuel new machines
  • Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings
  • Rivers for inland transportation
  • Harbors from which merchant ships set sail
255
Q

In the early 1800s, was Britain a true democracy?

256
Q

Why was the middle class larger than before?

A

due to the Industrial Revolution

257
Q

Reform Mill of 1832

A

extended property requirements so that well-to-do men in the middle class could vote

258
Q

What did the Reform Bill increase?

A

number of voters, but only a small percentage were able to vote

259
Q

Chartist Movement

A

they presented demands to Parliament called The People’s Charter of 1838

260
Q

What did the People’s Charter of 1838 call for?

A
  • all men and annual Parliamentary elections

- Wanted to make Parliament responsive to the lower classes

261
Q

After 1884, what did most adult males have in Britain?

A

the right to vote

262
Q

Since 18th century, how did biologists classify humans?

A

according to their skin color, language, and the stage of civilization

263
Q

After late-18th century, what similarities did linguistic scholars observe?

A

between many of the languages and Sanskrit, they postulated an ancient race called the Aryans

264
Q

In late 19th century, what did race emerge as?

A

the single dominant explanation of the history and character of large groups of people

265
Q

What did Count Arthur de Gobineau write?

A

Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races

266
Q

Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races

A
  • Portrayed the troubles of Western civilization as the result of the long degeneration of the original white Aryan race
  • Claimed it had unwisely intermarried with the inferior yellow and black races, thus diluting the greatness ad ability that originally existed in its blood
267
Q

What did Houston Stewart Chamberlain feel?

A

that through genetics the human race could be improved and a superior race could be developed

268
Q

Who did Houston Stewart Chamberlain point out to be the major enemy of European racial regeneration?

269
Q

What is Imperialism?

A
  • Quest for a colonial empire

- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

270
Q

What did industrialization start?

A

high ambitions for more resources

271
Q

What did colonial powers seize in the 19th and 20th centuries?

A

vast areas of Africa

272
Q

Prior to taking most of Africa, what percentage had European countries imperialized on the continent?

273
Q

Which country colonized Congo?

274
Q

How did imperialism create a strong sense of national pride?

A
  • An empire was viewed as a measure of greatness

- Competition began to intensify

275
Q

Was natural selection applied to human society?

276
Q

What would those who were the fittest for survival enjoy?

A

wealth and success

277
Q

What inventions allowed Europeans to easily control their empire?

A

Communication, travel, etc.

278
Q

What discouraged unity in Africa?

A

huge variety of languages and cultures

279
Q

What happened when the Suez Canal opened?

A
  • Egypt soon found that they could not repay the interest on the debt
  • 1882 Britain began occupation of Egypt
280
Q

When did the British economic interest begin in India?

281
Q

East India Company

A

Ran government and even had own army, included sepoys

282
Q

What did the Industrial Revolution turn Britain into?

A

an industrial workshop, of which India was a major supplier

283
Q

Which country was considered the “Jewel in the Crown”?

284
Q

What did the British set up, in order to prevent the Indian economy from operating on its own?

A

restrictions

285
Q

What is an example of the restrictions that were set up by the British to India?

A

Raw materials produced for Britain, and India to buy British goods

286
Q

What did the British trade?

A
  • Tea
  • indigo
  • coffee
  • cotton
  • jute
287
Q

When did the cotton production increase for Britain?

A

increased when the American Civil War cut off the supply from the United States for Britain

288
Q

What did many Indians believe the British was trying to do to them?

A

to convert them to Christianity

289
Q

What did Hindus consider sacred?

290
Q

What do Muslims not eat?

291
Q

What happened when the sepoys refused to accept the cartridges?

A
  • They were then jailed
  • The next day, they rebelled
  • They marched to Delhi, and took the city
292
Q

What were the rumors about the sepoys’ cartridges?

A

cartridges of their new rifles were greased with beef and pork fat

293
Q

What did the sepoy mutiny fuel and cause?

A
  • attitudes of racism

- caused a rise in nationalism

294
Q

What were the main causes of the Great War?

A
  • Militarism
  • Alliances
  • Imperialism
  • Nationalism
295
Q

Who was assassinated on June 28, 1914 that started WWI?

A

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

296
Q

Militarism

A

the policy of glorifying war and having a military prepared for war

297
Q

nationalism

A

a deep devotion to one’s nation

298
Q

imperialism

A

nations competing for land around the world pushed these countries closer to conflict in Europe

299
Q

Why was the Alliance System designed?

A

to keep peace

300
Q

Which countries were a part of the Triple Alliance?

A
  • Germany
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Italy
  • Ottoman Empire
301
Q

Alliance System

A

European countries formed sides to protect each other. A fight against one country was a fight against all

302
Q

Triple Entente

A
  • Great Britain
  • France
  • Russia
    (later the U.S.)
303
Q

Why was the Balkans known as the “powder keg”?

A

there was a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes

304
Q

What countries formed as a result of the Ottoman Empire’s rapid decline?

A

Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia

305
Q

What large population did Serbia have?

A

a large Slavic population

306
Q

What did Serbia hope to do because they had a large Slavic population?

A

Hoped to absorb all Slavs on the Balkan peninsula

307
Q

Did the Russians support Serbian nationalism?

308
Q

Why did Austria-Hungary oppose of Serbian nationalism?

A

fearing a rebellion from their Slavic population

309
Q

What are the most common opinions about the causes of the Great War?

A
  • German ambition for a higher place in the international order under Kaiser William II led a new challenge to the status quo
  • German bullying resulted in a series of crises that led to the final crisis in July 1914 when Germany supported (ahem…pushed) Austria into a war against Serbia
310
Q

What are the causes/theories of the Great War?

A
  • Deeper causes are Germany’s new ambitions to become a dominant European power, causing Britain to want to maintain its naval supremacy and abandon its “splendid isolation.”
  • Arms race ensued and Germany assumed a rigid stance, making no attempt to ease the tension
311
Q

What were the Allie strengths, regarding WWI?

A
  • numbers
  • financial resources
  • command of the sea
312
Q

What were the Central Powers strengths, regarding WWI?

A

possessing internal lines of communications and launching their first attack

313
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

German military plan to rapidly attack and defeat France and then move to take Russia

314
Q

What happened at the Battle of Marne?

A

French and British were able to stop the Germans from taking Paris

315
Q

After the Battle of Marne, what did the battle become?

A

a battle of position instead of movement

316
Q

Since it became a battle of position, what type of warfare occurred?

A

trench warfare

317
Q

trench warfare

A

a form of warfare where opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield

318
Q

Western Front

A

Border between France and Germany where half of WWI was fought

319
Q

Eastern Front

A

Area along the German and Russian border, where the other half of WWI was fought

Western Civilization (1 decks)

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