Western Civ. Test 2 Flashcards
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Liberalism
A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.
Natural Equality
the concept of giving everyone the same legal rights
Legal Equality
(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society’s corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it’s improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote “The Social Contract.”
Rousseau
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Social Contract
A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.
Popular Sovereignty
The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
Old Regime
Monarchs at beginning of French Revolution
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Clergy, 1% of population
First Estate
Nobility. Roughly 2% of the population.
Second Estate
Commoners, roughly 97% of the population
Third Estate
inability of the state to bridge a deficit between its expenditures and its tax revenues. - leads to heavy taxation
Fiscal Crisis
France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
Estates General
uprising in which French commoners attacked a royal armory and prison in Paris; Paris was abandoned to the insurgents and its fall saved the National Assembly; signaled the collapse of royal authority in Paris and became a popular symbol of triumph over despotism; one of many urban and rural uprisings during this period led by the common people.
Bastille (July 14, 1789)
The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.
Great Fear
Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. They were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793–4.
Jacobins
An innovation in how people make things - the beginning of the use of machines instead of hand made items.
The Industrial Revolution
The beginning of the use of coal for steam power, petroleum, hydro/electric power
New sources of energy
1760’s - 1820’s
1st phase of the Industrial Revolution
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?
Geography, strong maritime traditions, commercial traditions, abundance of natural resources, Laissez-faire government, Baconian scientific tradition, desperate labor pool.
