west civ midterm Flashcards
what are the years of Greece and Rome time?
BC to AD
What does BC and AD stand for?
before christ, and anno domino
what is primary source?
directly coming from someone that was at a historic event Ex: journal entry
what is a secondary source?
created by someone who was not at the event. Ex: textbook, newspaper
Location of Greece and Rome and why was it important?
The reason their locations are important is that they are on the Mediterranean Sea.
monarchy
one ruler, King or Queen, inherits position
aristocracy
A small group of wealthy land-owning nobles rule gov.
oligarchy
government ruled by a small group of rich and powerful people. (strictly based on wealth)
democracy
government is ruled by the people. People can vote and they have a say.
Causes and outcomes of the fall of Rome:
The Church and religion was the only institution that survived. Church was daily for all. Led to Medival times.
years of medieval europe times?
395-500 AD
feudalism System. How was society organized?
Social structure: King/Nobles/Knights/peasants & serfs
why did feudalism come about?
Came about after the fall of Rome. Provided order and stability to people.
what brought feudalism to an end?
The bubonic plague due to millions of Europeans dying.
problems in the church?
simony- (selling of church positions) making people a priest or bishops even if they aren’t worthy. Secularism- not putting religion or faith first. Preist getting married. Basic corruption in the church. Making stuff up during mass.
what were the crusades?
A series of religious wars over the holy land
outcomes of the crusades?
After the 3rd Crusade, it ended in a peace treaty which stated Muslims keep the land but Christians could visit unharmed.
outcome of the bubonic plague?
the epidemic killed one-third of all Europeans. It caused inflamed lymph nodes. Tumors all over the body and purple and black spots on the skin. Peasants and serfs were most affected.
magna carta
The Great Chapter was approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights. Henry’s son, King John was forced to sign it.
years of the renaissance and reformation?
1300s-1500s
where did the renaissance take place?
italy
why did the renaissance start in Italy?
It’s history, geography, architecture, trading, and they have lots of money.
humanism
an intellectual movement. Using science and reason not just religion
secularism
When people were becoming more involved with worldly pleasures instead of religion. (ex: instead of the church 7 days of the week, only Saturdays….)
john calvin
he was a reformer. trained as a priest and lawyer. Believed salvation was gained through faith alone. Believed in predestination: the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation (the elect ones were chosen)
who wrote the 95 theses?
martin luther
95 theses
a list he compiled of what he thought was wrong with the catholic church
when did martin luther nail the 95 theses?
October 31, 1517
what issues did martin luther have with the catholic church?
Argued that salvation couldn’t be bought but through faith alone, bible was the sole source of religious truth, did not believe that the church or priests have special powers, and didn’t think people should pray to saints.
catholic reformation and the council of trent
lead by pope Paul III during 1530’s and 1540’s also known as the Counter Reformation. Pope set out to revive the moral authority of the church and roll back the protestant tide, and to end corruption within the papacy, he appointed reformers to top posts. wanted to keep Catholics loyal. The council of Trent was formed to establish the direction that reform should take. Catholic church met on and off for 20 years.
examples of protestant religions
anglicanism, lutheranism, calvinism
Gutenberg and the printing press
Gutenberg printed a complete edition of the christian bible using a printing press with movable metal typw. The European age of printing had begun along with education and reading increasing.
Henry VIII
A catholic king. Wanted to divorce his wife of 18 years since their only child was a girl and he needed a boy to be their heir of the thrown so he wanted to marry anew wife who could bear him a son. But the pope refused, so Henry split the catholic church and made his own called teh Anglican church and granted himself an annulment.
elizabeth I
institued religious compromise after the thrown was passed down to her by her half sister Mary.
mary tudor
half sister of Elizabeth and passed down the crown.
Machiavelli
wrote a book called the prince on how to be an effective leader. Had a famous quote “it is better to be feared than loved”.
vernacular
a common everyday language
renaissance man/renaissance woman
man: a man who exels in many fields. Woman: upper class woman, charming and whitty, wealthy. Inspire art but not seek fame from it.
art/artistic techniques
perspective: allowed them to represent a three dimensional world onto a two dimensional surface. Proportion, shadows, and detail al make it a renaissance painting.
causes of the European exploration
god, glory, gold
inventions and new technology
caravels (Large ships). Different shape sails guide the ship in the wind (square and triangular). Astrolabe: instrument used to find latitude at sea. Compass. Map makers: updated map of the world.
treaty of Tordesillas and the line of demarcation
Spain and Portugal both pressed rival claims to the islands Columbus explored. The two countries agreed to settle their claims and signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. It set a line of demarcation, dividing the non-European world into two zones.
who settled the dispute of the treaty of tordesillas and the line of demarcation.
Pope Alexander VI
major explorers
Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa. Da Gama led ships around the Cape of Good Hope. he found the Caribbean but thought it was the East Indies. Columbus went to the West Indies.
what did the major explorers find?
Da Gama found the spices islands. Dias rounded the southern tip of africa but did not make it any further. Columbus found the west indies.
mercantalism
when a country exports more than it imports. They become wealthy by selling stuff more than buying stuff.
conquistadors
were conquerors who settled on the islands. They seized the Native Americans’ gold and made them pan for more.
the encomienda system
a form of forced and unpaid labor used by Spanish authorities and settlers in the colonies of the Spanish Empire.
peninsulares
members of the highest social class
creoles
wealthy landowners
mestizos
people of Native American and European descent
mulattoes
people of African and European descent
Why did the Europeans turn to African slavery?
Slavery already existed in Africa. Africans have built immunity to European diseases. Many Africans have experience in farming. Less likely to escape because they do not know the new world. They are less likely to escape because they do not know the new world.
atlantic slave trade/middle passage
The transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic ocean. The new world is known as the middle passage.
years of absolute monarchs
1500s-1800s
absolutism
people don’t have a say, the government/monarch has all the power.
constitutional monarchy
rule with parliament/government
Louis XIV
“Sun King”, absolute monarch of France, takes power away from nobles and gives it to himself. Built Palace of Versailles (cost around 2 bil. At that time, lavish) and forced nobles to live in it. Makes France a powerhouse, left his ppl in debt. Ppl rejoice when he dies.
peter the great
Pulls Russia out of slump. Behind other European countries so he started “westernizing” - traveled west and brought ideas and technology back to Russia. Moves capital from moscow to St. Peters Burg to be closer to a warmer port- now able to trade.
ivan the terrible
Takes away power from boyars (nobles). Kills his own son (may have been mentally ill). Lead Russia into the “Time of troubles”. Absolute monarchs.
philip II
King of Spain. Very catholic, a defender of catholicism, and husband of Mary Tudor(Bloody Mary), he was shy but very power-hungry. He took over all Portuguese empires (He was the king’s nephew). He sent the Spanish Armada to England (lost the battle) bc he thought he should become king since he was married to Mary Tudor. Doesn’t agree with Elizabeth making England Protestant.
Charles I
Inherited the throne in 1625. Absolute monarch. Petition of Right- King could not raise taxes but he ignored it and created enemies.
Palace of Versailles
Louis XIV built this palace and put France in debt.
english civil war
Roundheads (Cromwell) vs Royalists (Charles I). Cromwell wins and Charles gets beheaded.
cromwell
Military dictator who wins the civil war against Charles I
charles II
Returns to London from exile, very good, lots of people liked him, Restoration Period,
years of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment
1500s
scientific revolution
a new understanding of the physical world based upon observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
geocentric theory
earth-centered view of the universe and the idea came from Aristotle, who was a Greek philosopher during BC times. Referred to as the “old theory”
heliocentric theory
copernicus came up with this. He stated that the sun stands in the center of the universe not the earth. Also known as the new theory.
galileo galilei
italian scientist who was fascinated with astronomy and built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens in 1609. He announced that Jupiter had four moons the sun had dark spots and the earths moon had a rough uneven surface. This shattered the churchs theory that the heavens were fixed, unmoving, and perfect. His findings supported the theories of copernicus and the heliocentric theory.
john locke
english philosopher and thinker. He thought people were reasonable and moral. They have certain natural rights. Favors the idea of self-government. Life, liberty, and property are the 3 natural rights. Governments job is to protect the people and the people can overthrow the government if they fail to protect the people.
rosseau
believed that people in their natural state were good. He was against women having equal rights to men.
mary wollstencraft
Female British writer and thinker. Pushed for equal rights for women.
montesquieu
checks and balances system. The reason we have three branches of government.
voltaire
french philosopher. Very outspoken. Jailed and exiled. Pushed for individual freedom. Spoke out against the Catholic Church.
hobbes
english philosopher and thinker. Agrees with absolutism. He thought that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. People entered a social contract. The contract was an agreement by which the people gave up their freedom for an organized society.
What caused the Enlightenment and what were some outcomes?
Absolutism. People realized that the absolute monarchs were not letting the people have a voice. Which led to the french revolution.
years of the french revolution
1789-1799
How did the Enlightenment lead to the French Revolution?
Enlightened ideas traveled to france and when the french people caught wind they desired a change.
estates general
a representative from each estate in the old regime. They have not been called on in 175 years
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
king and queen of france. Marie lives an extravagant life that earns her the nickname Madame deficit. They inherit previous debt and are bad rulers.
Robespierre
leadre of Jacobins (radical group). He ruled france as a dictator and the time in which he reigned was known as the reign of terror.
Napolean
Ruled France as an emperor. Worked his way up from military general. Swift takeover- “Coup d’etat”. Got rid of corruption and strengthened the government, better system to collect taxes, opened a national bank, and set up schools in France. Very power-hungry and wanted to take over the whole continent of Europe.
Napoleonic Code
Set of laws for people to follow that limited individual freedom.
National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, and National Convention
3rd estate
factions in the assembly
radicals: harsh
moderates: in the middle, ok with some changes
Conservatives: wanted little to no changes.
storming the bastille
Third estate feel unsafe with the fact that king Louis XIV hired armed guards to stand outside the palace. Inorder to obtain weapons they stored the bastille (jail/prison) lit the building on fire, killed guards, and released prisoners
